Cherry birch (Betula lenta) COSEWIC assessment and status report: chapter 15

Information sources, Biographical summary of report writer and Collections examined

Information sources

Britton, N.L. and A. Brown. 1913. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, NY. 

Fallding, H. 1998. Rescue’s remote for very rare tree: cherry birch hanging from lake bank may be last native in Canada. The Standard, St. Catharines, February 12, 1998, p. A1, 3.

Farrar, J.L., 1995. Trees in Canada. Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Markham, ON.

Fowells, H.A. (compiler). 1965. Silvics of forest trees of the United States. Agriculture Handbook 271. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture.

Fox, W.S. and H. Soper. 1954. The distribution of some trees and shrubs of the Carolinian Zone of Southern Ontario. Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute. No. 63, Vol. XXX, Part. II. pp. 99 - 130.

Hamilton, G.H. 1943. Plants of the Niagara Parks System of Ontario. Toronto.

Holistic online. 2005. A web site with alternate and herbal remedies; for cherry birch.

Hosie, R.C. 1979. Native Trees of Canada, 8th edition. Fitzhenry & Whiteside, Don Mills, Ontario.

Keddy, C.J. 1987. Betula lenta treatment in G.W. Argus, K.M. Pryer, D.J White and C.J. Keddy (eds.). 1982-1987. Atlas of the rare vascular plants of Ontario. 4 parts. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.

Kock, H. 1998. Growing Native Plants from Seed Manual, 10th ed. University of Guelph Arboretum, Guelph, Ontario.

Marie-Victorin, Fr. 1935. Flore laurentienne, 3e éd. 1995. Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal (http://sci.agr.ca/sthyacinthe/biblio/i/mia1m.htm#A00064).

Marsh, J.H. (ed.) 1985. The Canadian Encyclopedia, vol. 2. Hurtig Publishers, Edmonton.

Moerman, D., Native American Ethnobotany: a database of plants used as drugs, foods, dyes, fibers, and more, by native peoples of North America. University of Michigan-Dearborn (http://herb.umd.umich.edu/). Accessed October 5, 2004.

NatureServe. 2004. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 4.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia.(Accessed: October 5, 2004).

Newmaster, S.G., A. Lehela, P.W.C. Uhlig, & M.J. Oldham. 1998. Ontario Plant List. Ontario Forest Research Institute, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. FRI paper no. 123.

Ontario Forestry Association (OFA), 2005. Ontario Forestry Association’s Honour Roll of Ontario Trees: (http://www.oforest.on.ca/hroot/index.html).

Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR), 2000. A Silvicultural Guide to Managing Southern Ontario Forests. Version 1.1. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto.

Sharik, Terry L., and Burton V. Barnes. 1971. Hybridization in Betula alleghaniensis Britt. and B. lenta L.: a comparative analysis of controlled crosses. Forest Science 17(4):415-424.

Soyka, V., A. Melaragni, D. Beaulieu and J. Simmons. 1977. National Defence Grounds, Niagara-On-The-Lake, Vegetation Survey. Niagara Peninsula Conservation Authority, Fish and Wildlife Crew 1977. 20pp.

Thompson, R.J., 1992. Status Report: Betula lenta. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (Simcoe) internal report.

USFS 2004. US Forest Service Silvics web site, vol. 2, hardwoods, Betula lenta: (http://forestry.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics%5Fmanual/table%5Fof%5Fcontents.htm)

Waldron, G. 2003. Trees of the Carolinian Forest. Boston Mills Press, Erin, Ontario.

Biographical summary of report writer

John Ambrose came to the University of Guelph Arboretum in 1974, after receiving a PhD in Botany from Cornell University. At the Arboretum, in addition to being the Curator, he developed a program based on the rare woody plants of the Carolinian Zone of southern Ontario, including field surveys, status reports and detailed studies of their population and reproductive biology. After 17 years there, he moved to the Toronto Zoo as Curator of Botany/ Manager of Horticulture. There he developed new natural habitat exhibits and a naturalization program for peripheral lands of the site, in addition to his exhibit responsibilities. These reflect his growing interest in restoration ecology. In 1999 he left the Zoo to teach a new course in restoration ecology at the University of Guelph. He currently is self-employed and continues to work with endangered species recovery planning, serving on four recovery teams for Carolinian trees and Carolinian Woodlands.

Collections examined

Herbarium records and sightings previously compiled by the author at the University of Guelph Arboretum were consulted. Element Occurrence reports from the Natural Heritage Information Centre and mapped occurrences in the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) database were consulted. The Martindale specimen collected by F. Montgomery and B. Miller was examined at Ontario Agricultural College (OAC) (Herbarium, University of Guelph).

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