COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the Bluehearts (Buchnera americana) in Canada 2000


COSEWIC status reports are working documents used in assigning the status of wildlife species suspected of being at risk. This report may be cited as follows:

Please note: Persons wishing to cite data in the report should refer to the report (and cite the author(s)); persons wishing to cite the COSEWIC status will refer to the assessment (and cite COSEWIC). A production note will be provided if additional information on the status report history is required.

COSEWIC 2000. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the bluehearts Buchnera americana in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 15 pp.
(Species at Risk Status Reports)

Brownell, V.R. 1998. Update COSEWIC status report on the bluehearts Buchnera americana in Canada, in COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the bluehearts Buchnera americana in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 1-15 pp.

Previous report:

Brownell, V.R. 1985. COSEWIC status report on the bluehearts Buchnera americana in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. 38 pp.

Production note:
The report originally prepared by the author has been modified by Erich Haber, Co-Chair, Species Specialist Subcommittee for Plants and Lichens, to more closely conform to the new standardized format.

For additional copies contact:

COSEWIC Secretariat
c/o Canadian Wildlife Service
Environment Canada
Ottawa ON
K1A 0H3

Tel.: 819–953–3215
Fax: 819–994–3684
E-mail: COSEWIC/COSEPAC@ec.gc.ca
http://www.cosewic.gc.ca

Également disponible en français sous le titre Rapport du COSEPAC sur la situation de la buchnéra d’Amérique (Buchnera americana) au Canada -- Mise à jour

Cover illustration:
Bluehearts -- Dan Tenaglia, photo taken at Dorris Creek Prairie Conservation Area, Berton County, MO.

© Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2002
Catalogue No.: CW69-14/127-2002E-IN
ISBN: 0-662-32035-2

Assessment Summary – May 2000

Common name:

Bluehearts

Scientific name:
Buchnera americana

Status:
Endangered

Reason for designation:
Small disjunct populations of restricted occurrence with continued population decline and losses due to a variety of human activities.

Occurrence:
Ontario

Status history:
Designated Threatened in April 1985. Status re-examined and uplisted to Endangered in April 1998. Status re-examined and confirmed in May 2000. The May 2000 assessment was based on new quantitative criteria applied to information from the existing 1998 status report.

Bluehearts is a perennial ranging in height from 40 to 80 cm; plants are usually unbranched, have hairy stems and sessile, opposite leaves. A flowering spike of deep purple, stalkless flowers is produced at the top of the plant. In Ontario, flowering begins in mid-July and lasts until early September. Fruits are oblong capsules about 7 mm long. The species is hemiparasitic on a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees, being linked to the root system of these by way of haustorial attachments.

Buchnera americana is extant in 11 states from Ohio and Indiana to Georgia and Missouri. The areas of greatest concentration are in Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas and Missouri. It occurs as a northern disjunct along a 10 km stretch of Lake Huron in southwestern Ontario.

Plants tend to occur along the edges of wet, interdunal depressions in Ontario.

The species is hemiparasitic on the roots of a great variety of trees including white pine, red ash, eastern cottonwood, white oak and presumably other plants but can mature without parasitic attachment. It has been described as a perennial plant, however there is some question whether it may survive primarily as an annual in Ontario and possibly other northern states. The small seeds of bluehearts require light for germination and can remain viable in the soil for 2.5-3 years based on limited testing. Bluehearts may be butterfly pollinated, but self-pollination, based on colour and morphology, may be widespread.

Bluehearts undergoes highly variable population fluctuations from year to year. The total number of plants in 1981 was 2182, which was the only year when all 8 known sites were surveyed. Significant decreases occurred during years of high water levels such as in 1986 and in 1997 when fewer than 600 plants were counted at 6 extant sites. In 1988, there was a lengthy drought during the summer that may have also reduced numbers of flowering plants.

Major natural limiting factors include the very specific habitat requirements and the dynamic nature of habitat. This is a seral species that disappears from stable communities. In Ontario, fluctuating water level is an extremely important factor in maintaining the open conditions favoured by this species. The major anthropogenic impact in Ontario is a drastic reduction in amount of natural interdunal habitat due to conversion for cottages and residences. This species is increasingly threatened by recreational activities. High water levels reduce the numbers of plants present in a given year but contribute to maintaining open habitat required by this species.

Bluehearts is of particular interest and significance because of its facultative parasitic life style, its considerable disjunction from the core populations in the USA, and its specificity to a narrow habitat range in Ontario where it relies on water level fluctuations to maintain its open habitat.

The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) determines the national status of wild species, subspecies, varieties, and nationally significant populations that are considered to be at risk in Canada. Designations are made on all native species for the following taxonomic groups: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, lepidopterans, molluscs, vascular plants, lichens, and mosses.

COSEWIC comprises representatives from each provincial and territorial government wildlife agency, four federal agencies (Canadian Wildlife Service, Parks Canada Agency, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, and the Federal Biosystematic Partnership), three nonjurisdictional members and the co-chairs of the species specialist groups. The committee meets to consider status reports on candidate species.

*
Formerly described as “Vulnerable” from 1990 to 1999, or “Rare” prior to 1990.

**
Formerly described as “Not In Any Category”, or “No Designation Required.”

***
Formerly described as “Indeterminate” from 1994 to 1999 or “ISIBD” (insufficient scientific information on which to base a designation) prior to 1994.

The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) was created in 1977 as a result of a recommendation at the Federal-Provincial Wildlife Conference held in 1976. It arose from the need for a single, official, scientifically sound, national listing of wildlife species at risk. In 1978, COSEWIC designated its first species and produced its first list of Canadian species at risk. Species designated at meetings of the full committee are added to the list.

The Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, provides full administrative and financial support to the COSEWIC Secretariat.
Scientific name:
Buchnera americana L.
Common name:
Bluehearts
Family name:
Scrophulariaceae (figwort family)
Major plant group:
Angiosperm (dicot flowering plant)


Kartez (1996) treats B. americana as including B. floridana Gand. which is a relatively common entity in the southern United States (North Carolina to Mississippi). Most southern floras and Pennell (1935), however, recognize B. floridana as a distinct species. B. americana has a larger corolla (tube 10-12 mm long, the lobes 5-8 mm long) and prominently 3-veined, lance-ovate leaves (Clewell 1985). B. floridana has corolla lobes less than 5 mm long and lanceolate-elliptic leaves which are obscurely, or not at all, 3-veined (Radford et al. 1968). Vincent (1982) developed the following key to separate the two taxa:

  1. Corolla tubes mostly 10-14 mm long; calyces mostly 6-7 mm long, pubescent throughout with short or long, straight to antrorsely-appressed, simple or minutely callous-based hairs; capsules mostly 6-8 mm long, equalling or slightly longer than calyses; mid-stem leaves mostly ovate-lanceolate, irregularly and coarsely toothed, widest at or below middle…. B. americana
  2. Corolla tubes mostly 6-10 mm long; calyces mostly 4-5(6) mm long, pubescent throughout or only on upper 1/3 with short, crisped, antrorse, callous-based hairs; capsules mostly 4-6(6.5) mm long, longer than calyses; mid-stem leaves mostly oblong to oblanceolate, entire or remotely and finely toothed, widest at or above middle…..B. floridana

The author of this report uses B. americana in the strict sense for purposes of North Americana distribution and status.

Bluehearts is a perennial, ranging in height from 40 to 80 cm. It is a facultative parasite on the roots of a variety of trees. Plants are usually unbranched, have hairy stems and sessile, opposite leaves. A flowering spike of deep purple, stalkless flowers is produced at the top of the plant (Figure 1). In Ontario, flowering begins in mid-July and lasts until early September. Fruits are oblong capsules about 7 mm long.


Figure 1: Inflorescence of Bluehearts

Photo by Dan Tenaglia, taken at Dorris Creek Prairie Cons. Area,Barton County, MO.

Buchnera americana is extant in 11 states from Ohio and Indiana to Georgia and Missouri (The Nature Conservancy 1997) (Figure 2). The areas of greatest concentration are in Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas and Missouri (Brownell 1981, The Nature Conservancy 1997). It is considered to be extirpated from Pennsylvania (Rhoads and Klein 1993), Michigan, and New Jersey and a historical occurrence in D.C., Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina and New York (The Nature Conservancy 1997). Its status in 6 southern states is unknown.


Figure 2: Distribution of Bluehearts in North America

Map from Brownell 1983.

In Canada, this species is confined to a 10 km stretch of Lake Huron shoreline in south- western Ontario (Figure 3). Its known geographical range in Ontario has not changed since 1981 when fairly extensive field studies were conducted in the Ipperwash/Port Franks area.


Figure 3: Distribution of Extant Sites of Bluehearts in Ontario

Map from White, Maher and Argus (1983).

This species occupies the edges of wet, interdunal depressions in Ontario. Prairie species such as butterfly milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa), Indian grass (Sorgastrum nutans), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scorparium) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi) are frequent. More detailed habitat descriptions are found in Brownell (1981), Klinkenburg and Edwards (1979) and Klinkenburg and Crabe (1980).

This species is hemiparasitic on the roots of a great variety of trees including Pinus strobus, Fraxinus pensylvanica, Populus deltoides, and Quercus alba (Musselman and Mann 1979; Baird and Riopel 1985; Krause and Weber 1990) and presumably other plants but can mature without parasitic attachment (Voss 1996). Musselman and Mann (1979) found that small trees could be severely damaged if large numbers of haustoria were present, and the effects of parasitism could be heightened during periods of stress such as drought conditions.

Buchnera americana has been described as a perennial plant (Brownell 1985, Ostlie 1990), however there is some question regarding whether it may survive primarily as an annual in Ontario and possibly other northern states. Alf Rider maintains that individual plants do not survive more than one year based on observations of transplants and potted plants. Permanently-marked monitoring quadrats have been established by the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore and Indiana Division of Nature Preserves and by the Illinois Department of Conservation (Ostlie 1990).

The small seeds of B. americana require light for germination and can remain viable in the soil for 2.5-3 years based on limited testing (Ostlie 1990). Dr. J. Baskin suggests that this is a fairly good indication that the species may form seed banks in nature, although verification of this has not been attempted.

Pennell (1935) suggested that this species is butterfly pollinated, but also noted that self-pollination, based on colour and morphology, may be widespread. It is still not known whether or not this species is an obligate out-crosser, or whether self-fertilization is possible to set seed (Ostlie 1990).

Global Rank: G5? (Oldham 1996). Note: This ranking by The Nature Conservancy is considered by the author to be in error since it is based on treating B. americana as including B. floridana. B. americana in the strict sense ranks about G3 or G4 (Ostlie 1990).

The Nature Conservancy (1997) lists B. americana as a historical record or extirpated from D.C., Delaware, Maryland, Michigan, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. It is reported from Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and South Carolina with no status attributed. The species is listed as S1 (extremely rare) in Georgia and Virginia. It is listed as S2 in Ohio and Texas, S3 in Illinois, Kansas, and Tennessee, S3S4 in Kentucky and S4 in Arkansas and Missouri.

Ontario Subnational Rank: S1 (Oldham 1996).
Habitat Size
(ha)
No.
1981
No.
1997
Maximum
Numbers
Minimum
Numbers
Extant Populations in Ontario
1. Former Ipperwash Military Reserve 0.49 700 - - -
2. Former Ipperwash Military Reserve - Bio Lake 0.2 710 - - -
3. Richmond Park Lake 0.7 530 462 1971 (1994) 23 (1991)
4. Pinery Provincial Park 0.008 95 3 594 (1984) 3 (1997)
5. Ipperwash Beach - - 88 - -
Severely Reduced Populations Close to Extirpation
6. Ipperwash (former Provincial Park) 0.004 12 0 54 (1984) 0 (1997)
Extirpated Populations
1. Kettle Point First Nation 0.005 90 0 450 (1983) 0 (1991-1997)
2. Port Franks Poplar Lodge 0.004 45 0 45 (1981) 0 (1997)
  1. Former Ipperwash military reserve - Army Meadow 1 - about 700 plants counted on 31 July 1981 by Tony Reznicek, William Vanden Bygaart and Terry Crabe in an area 46m X 107m. The area is interlaced with vehicle tracks. D.A. Sutherland (1997 pers. com.) saw about the same number or slightly more during field studies from mid Sept. to Oct. 8, 1993.
  2. Former Ipperwash military reserve - Bio Lake area. Three subpopulations were identified on 31 July 1981 by Tony Reznicek, William Vanden Bygaart and Terry Crabe.

    2a. Army Meadow 2 - about 260 plants around the shores of a 30m X 60m shallow pond.
    2b. Army Meadow 3 - about 300 plants in a 6m X 18m meadow.
    2c. Army Meadow 4 - about 150 plants in a 6m X 12m meadow adjacent to Meadow 3.

    Due to the lateness of the season, Sutherland et al. (1994) considered their inventories inadequate to detect either an increase or a decline in numbers from estimates made in 1981. However, several small populations were discovered scattered in wet meadows between this site and the site described above.
  3. Richmond Park Lake - about 0.7 ha of high quality wet meadow. Private undeveloped land flanked by the former military reserve and cottages.
  4. Pinery Provincial Park - About 85% of Pinery plants found in enclosed 36 m2 meadow. Nine other nearby wet meadows have supported several plants periodically.
  5. Ipperwash Beach - Alf Rider and John and Dorothy Tiedje of Sarnia discovered 88 plants in wet meadows on West Parkway Drive on Sept. 25--26, 1997. The plants are primarily on undeveloped private land, but some are on adjacent crown land.
  6. Ipperwash (former Provincial Park) - Only a couple of plants have been seen since 1986. The wet meadow has become quite overgrown with cedars and shrubs and is accumulating organic debris. The population has exhibited a continuous decline since park road and parking lot development occurred in the 1970s. The population is expected soon to become extirpated due to changes in the habitat (A. Rider 1997 pers. comm.; C. Van den Bygaart 1997 pers. com.).
  7. Kettle Point First Nation- 46m X 46m stand on an undeveloped subdivision lot. In 1990, about 300 plants were present, however several houses have been built on the site and despite frequent checks, no plants have been seen since (A. Rider 1997 pers. comm.).
  8. Port Franks, Poplar Lodge - about 45 plants last seen in 1984 in a 36 m2 area in a marina in the Windsor Park subdivision. The habitat has since become weedy and overgrown, and new houses have been constructed at the site (A. Rider 1997 pers. comm.).

This species undergoes highly variable population fluctuations from year to year (Appendix 1). The decrease in numbers in 1986 is believed to be due to very high water levels that existed for most of the growing seasons in the wet meadows (Crabe 1989). In 1988, there was a lengthy drought during the summer that may have reduced numbers of flowering plants. In 1997, Lake Ontario water levels were very high again. In 1997, 550 plants were counted in September by Alf Rider, however this did not include the former Camp Ipperwash and Ipperwash Provincial Park which are under occupation. The total number of plants was 2182 in 1981, which was the only year when all sites were surveyed. This species is apparently extirpated from Squirrel Island where it was reported in 1914 by Dodge.

The Richmond Park Lake and former Military Reserve populations can be classified as excellent (A) according to criteria in Ostlie (1990). The other populations are difficult to categorize because of the great variation in population size from year to year. Although the population at the former Ipperwash Provincial Park may still be considered as extant, it is very close to becoming extirpated.

Major natural limiting factors include habitat specification and dynamic nature of habitat. This is a seral species that disappears from stable communities (Ostlie 1990). In Ontario, fluctuating water level is an extremely important factor in maintaining the open conditions favoured by this species. The major anthropogenic impact in Ontario is a drastic reduction in amount of natural interdunal habitat due to conversion for cottages and residences. This species is increasingly threatened by recreational activities (Oldham 1995).

The major limiting factor in the United States is habitat loss from physical disturbance, development and succession. In the United States where B. americana occurs primarily in prairie habitats, fire is a necessary disturbance regime for seed germination and growth (Ostlie 1990). Prescribed burning on a rotational 3-4 year cycle is the primary management technique used for this species in Indiana, Illinois, Missouri and Ohio.

Bluehearts is of particular interest and significance because of its facultative parasitic life style, its considerable disjunction from the core populations in the USA, and its specificity to a narrow habitat range in Ontario where it relies on water level fluctuations to maintain its open habitat.

The small population in Pinery Provincial Park is in a public campground designated for recreational use. Ten small sub-populations have been identified and mapped. Eight of the sub-populations are immediately adjacent to campsites and campsite roads and are subject to trampling and picking (Brownell 1997 pers. obs.). Two of the subpopulations are fenced within deer exclosures, however successional changes are now occurring within them. The habitat surrounding the exclosures is intensely browsed by deer which maintain open conditions. The enclosures, which contain the majority of the bluehearts at Pinery, are becoming dominated by white cedar. The population level at Pinery may not be large enough to sustain itself particularly since encroachment by woody plants is occurring.

All other populations (approximately 97% of the individuals) occur on private lands or on occupied lands. The Richmond Park population is located on private land that is flanked by cottages on one side and the former Canadian Forces Camp Ipperwash on the other.

Ipperwash Provincial Park and adjacent crown land and Camp Ipperwash have been occupied by the Kettle Point First Nations since 1995. Until 1995, Camp Ipperwash was administered by the Department of National Defense (DND) as an infantry training facility. Buchnera americana and its habitat at Camp Ipperwash have experienced continued damage from trucks and all-terrain vehicles (Thompson et al. 1994). The site is 1006 ha in extent and is currently owned by the Federal Government. During the current process of negotiations to turn the title of the National Defence property over to The First Nations, The First Nations have requested level 3 decomissioning which would involve removal of all tree cover and searching the soil for explosives to a depth of several metres (Bob Woods, DNF, pers. comm. 1997). This would eliminate 65% of the Ontario population of bluehearts in addition to 21 other provincially rare plant species.

This species is not listed under The Endangered Species Act in Ontario. It was designated by COSEWIC as nationally threatened in 1985.

In the United States, bluehearts is officially protected by legislation designating it as endangered in Indiana, Ohio (Burns and Cusick 1984) and Georgia (Georgia Natural Heritage Program 1989).

In 1985, when B. americana was listed as threatened in Canada, 65% of the plants were found in provincial parks and on lands owned and managed by the federal Department of National Defence. Presently less than 3% of the plants are within land managed by a public agency and even those are threatened by successional change and recreational activities.

It is recommended that this species be upgraded from threatened to endangered in Canada based on a significant decrease in protection capabilities, a significant decline in one population and extirpation of 2 populations.

Extent of occurrence: < 5 km2
Area of occupancy: < 1 km2 (1.4 ha)
Total number of individuals in the Canadian population: 553 in 1997 from 6 of 8 sites
Number of mature reproducing individuals in the Canadian population: unknown
Generation time: one year
Total population trend: unknown
Rate of decline (if appropriate) for total population:
Number of known populations: a total of about 8 sites with several additional subpopulations have been recorded along a 10 km stretch of Lake Huron shoreline habitat and one historic site (1914) on Squirrel Island
Is the total population fragmented? Yes
number of individuals in smallest population: 0 (based on fluctuating population sizes)
number of individuals in largest population: 1971 in 1994
number of extant sites: 6
number of historic sites from which species has been extirpated: at least 3
Does the species undergo fluctuations in numbers? Yes
If yes, what is the maximum number? 2182 in 1981 at 7 sites
minimum number? 553 in 1997 at 6 sites
Are these fluctuations greater than one order of magnitude? possibly

High water levels, cottage development and recreational activities.

Does the species exist outside Canada? Yes
Is immigration known or possible? Possible but not very probable
Would individuals from the nearest foreign population be adapted to survive in Canada? unknown (disturbance factors are different at the nearest US sites)
Would individuals from the nearest foreign population be adapted to survive in Canada? probably

The following individuals and institutions have been of assistance by supplying data and information. Special thanks are extended to Alf Rider, who conducted several searches for Buchnera americana in September 1997 and who has been concerned about the welfare of this species for many years.

Terry Crabe, Chief Park Naturalist, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Pinery Provincial Park, Ontario.

Michael J. Oldham, Botanist, Natural Heritage Information Center, Peterborough, Ontario.

Alf Rider, Naturalist, Kettle Point, Ontario

Donald A. Sutherland, Biologist, Natural Heritage Information Center, Peterborough, Ontario.

Casey Vanden Bygaart, R.R.#2, Grand Bend, Ontario

Bob Woods, Chief Forester, Department of National Defense, Ottawa, Ontario.

Funding for the preparation of this status report was provided by the Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada.

Baird, W.V. and J.L. Riopel. 1985. Surface characteristics of root and haustorial hairs of parasitic Scrophulariaceae. Botanical Gazette 146(1): 63-69.

Brownell, V.R. 1985. Bluehearts (Buchnera americana L.) in Canada: A status report. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), Ottawa, Ontario. 34 pp. (revised in 1983 from a 1981 report prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources)

Burns, J.F. and A.W. Cusick. 1984. Buchnera americana L. In McCance, R.M. and J.F. Burns, eds. Ohio Endangered and Threatened Vascular Flora. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Columbus.

Clewell, A.F. 1985. Guide to the Vascular Plants of the Florida Panhandle. Florida State University Press, Tallahassee.

Crabe, T. 1981. Ipperwash/Port Franks blueheart survey. Report to Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Chatham District. 14 pp.

Crabe, T. 1989. Blueheart summary. Report to Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Chatham District. 2 pp.

Crabe, T. and C. Vanden Bygaart. 1994. Blueheart summary. Report to Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Chatham District. 4 pp.

Kartesz, J.T. 1996. Revision: A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada and Greenland. 2nd ed. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. 2 vol.

Klinkenburg, R. and T. Crabe. 1980. Life science report - New location for Bluehearts (Buchnera americana L.) in the Port Franks area, August 1980. Ontario, Ministry of Natural Resources, Chatham District. 14 pp.

Klinkenberg, R. and J. Edwards. 1979 (edited 1981). A study of the wet meadow communities of Pinery and Ipperwash Provincial Parks (1979). Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Chatham District.

Krause, D. and H.C. Weber. 1990. SEM observations on seeds of Striga spp. and Buchnera americana (Scrophulariaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 170(3-4): 257-263.

Musselman, L.J. and W.F. Mann. 1979. Root parasites in culture. New Phytologist.

Oldham, M.J. 1995. Element State Ranking Form for Buchnera americana. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Information Center, Peterborough, Ontario.

Oldham, M.J. 1996. Natural Heritage Resources of Ontario: Rare Vascular Plants. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Information Center, Peterborough.

Oldham, M.J. 1997. Bibliography of Ontario Endangered and Threatened Plant Species. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Information Center, Peterborough.

Ormes, M. 1983. Element Global Ranking Form for Buchnera americana. Biological and Conservation Database (BCD), The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia (revised 1994). 3 pp.

Ostlie, W. 1990. Element Stewardship Abstract for Buchnera americana. The Nature Conservancy, Minneapolis, Minnesota. 12 pp.

Pennell, F.W. 1935. The Scrophulariaceae of Eastern Temperate North America. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Monograph 1.

Radford, A.E., Ahles, H.E. and C.R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.

Rhoads, A.F. and W.M. Klein Jr. 1993. The Vascular Flora of Pennsylvania: Annotated Checklist and Atlas. American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA.

Sutherland, D.A., Bakowsky, W.D., Gratshore, M.E., and P.C. Carson. 1994. Draft. Biological inventory and evaluation of Canadian Forces Camp Ipperwash. Prepared for Department of National Defense, Ottawa, Ontario.

The Nature Conservancy. 1997. State and provincial ranks for Buchnera americana from the BCD. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, Virginia.

Thompson, J., Burr, L., Lamb, L. and C. Campbell. 1994. Biological inventory of Camp Ipperwash, Bosanquet Township, Lambton County. Prepared for Department of National Defense, Ottawa, Ontario.

Vincent, K.A. 1982. Scrophulariaceae of Louisiana. Unpublished MS thesis, University od Southwestern Louisiana. 211 pp.

Voss, E.G. 1996. Michigan Flora. Part III. Cranbrooke Institute of Science Bulletin 61 and University of Michigan Herbarium, Ann Arbor.

White, D.J., Maher, R.V. and G.W. Argus. 1983. Buchnera americana L. Two pages in G.W. Argus and D.W. White, eds. Atlas of the rare vascular plants of Ontario. Part 2. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.

Vivian R. Brownell received an honours B.Sc. from the University of Guelph in 1978 with a specialization in field botany. After graduating, she worked for several government departments including the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and the Canadian Parks Service, Ontario Region. Since 1983, she has worked as a biological consultant for municipalities, conservation authorities and government agencies. Her work primarily involves biological inventory and evaluation, rare species management, evaluation of natural areas and wildlife habitat and natural heritage systems planning. Recently she has developed a computer software program (NADEP) that incorporates a databasing system and facilitates the evaluation of natural areas. She has authored or co-authored many papers in scientific journals and books on the subject of alvars, prairies, savannas, sand and rock barrens, orchid classification and plant geography. A complete list of papers, articles and reports can be obtained from the Canadian biodiversity guide to botanical specialists and literature that is accessible on the internet at http://www.cciw.ca/eman-temp/scientists/botanists/intro.html.

Year 1. Former Ipperwash Military Reserve Meadow 2. Former Ipperwash Military Reserve Bio Lake 3. Richmond Park Lake Area 4. Pinery Provincial Park 5. Ipperwash Beach 6. Ipperwash (former Provincial Park) 7. Kettle Point First Nation 8. Port Franks Poplar Lodge
1980 - - 250 98 - 5 - -
1981 700 710 530 95 - 12 90 45
1982 - - - 12 - - - -
1983 - - 500 511 - 30 450 -
1984 - - 965 594 - 54 24 32
1985 - - - 4 - 19 - -
1986 - - - 69 - 35 - -
1987 - - - 69 - - - -
1988 - - 60 22 - 0 - -
1989 - - 60 14 - - - -
1990 - - 129 14 - - 300 -
1991 - - 23 12 - - - -
1992 - - 1332 15 - 0 0 -
1993 - - 444 11 - 2 - -
1994 - - 1971 25 - 1 0 -
1995 - - - - - - - -
1996 ca. 700 - - - - - 0 -
1997 - - 462 3 88 - 0 0

Based on Crabe 1981, 1989, 1997 pers. comm.; Crabe and Vanden Bygaart 1994, and field studies by Vivian Brownell from 8-11 July, 1997 and Alf Rider on Sept. 16, 25, 26, 1997.

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