Westslope cutthroat trout COSEWIC assessment and status report: chapter 14

Literature Cited

Alberta Environment. 2003a.  South Saskatchewan River Basin water management plan, phase two: background studies.  28pp.  Report available at: http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/water/regions/ssrb/studies.asp

Alberta Environment. 2003b.  South Saskatchewan River Basin water allocation.  Regional Services, Southern Region 43pp. Report available at: http://www3.gov.ab.ca/env/water/regions/ssrb/studies.asp

Alberta Fisheries Management Information System.  2004.  Cutthroat trout distribution.  http://www3.gov.ab.ca/srd/fw/guidres/fmis.html

Alberta Fisheries Management Information System.  2005.  Cutthroat trout stocking. http://www3.gov.ab.ca/srd/fw/guidres/fmis.html

Alberta Wilderness Association (AWA). 2002.  News Release: Ghost-Waiparous Area. http://albertawilderness.ca

Allendorf, F.W., and R.F. Leary. 1988. Conservation and distribution of genetic variation in a polytypic species, the cutthroat trout. Conservation Biology 2:170 - 184.

Allendorf, F.W., R.F. Leary, P. Spruell, and J.K. Wenberg. 2001. The problems with hybrids: setting conservation guidelines. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16:613-622.

Allendorf, F.W., R.F. Leary, N. Hitt, K.L. Knudsen, L. Lundquist, and P. Spruell. 2004. Intercrosses and the U.S. Endangered Species Act: Should Hybridized Populations be Included as Westslope Cutthroat Trout?  Conservation Biology 18(5): 1203-1213.

Allendorf, Fred W., Robb E. Leary, Nathaniel P Hitt, Kathy L. Knudsen, Matthew C. Boyer, and Paul Spruell.  2005.  Cutthroat trout hybridization and the U.S. Endangered Species Act: One species, two policies.  Conservation Biology 19(4): 1326-1328.

Amos, W., and J. Harwood. 1998. Factors affecting levels of genetic diversity in natural populations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences 353:177-186.

Andrekson, A. 1949. A study of the cutthroat trout in the Sheep River with special reference to Gorge Creek. Government of Alberta, Fish and Wildlife Division.

Baayens, D.M., and M.K. Brewin. 1999. Fisheries resources of the Fish Creek watershed. 41 pp + appendices. Prepared by Trout Unlimited, Calgary, AB for the Fisheries Management Enhancement Program, Alberta Conservation Association, Edmonton, AB.

Baker, J., P. Bentzen, and P. Moran. 2002. Molecular markers distinguish coastal cutthroat trout from coastal rainbow trout/ steelhead and their hybrids. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 131:404-417.

BC Conservation Data Centre. http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/cdc/

BC Fisheries Information Summary System (FISS). British Columbia Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management. (http://www.bcfisheries.gov.bc.ca/fishinv/fiss - .html )

BC Ministry of Environment, 2006. Indicators of climate change for British Columbia 2002. 48 pp.

BC Stats. http://www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/

Behnke, R.J. 1992. Native trout of western North America. American Fisheries Society Monograph 6.

Behnke, R.J. 1997. Evolution, systematics, and structure of Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii. Pp. 3-6 in J.D. Hall, P.A. Bisson, and R. Gresswell, eds. Sea-run cutthroat trout: Biology, management, and future conservation. Oregon Chapter, American Fisheries Society, Corvallis.

Behnke, R.J. 2002. Trout and Salmon of North America. Simon and Schuster, New York.

Behnke, R.J., and M. Zarn. 1976. Biology and management of threatened and endangered western trout. US Dept. Agriculture, Forest Services General Tech. Rep. RM-28. Pp. 45. Influence of forest and rangeland management on anadromous fish habitat in the Western United States and Canada. US Dept. Agriculture, Forest Services General Tech. Rep. PNW-96.

Bergenske, J. Nov. 4, 2002. Press Release: Environment suffers as higher level plan changes.  East Kootenay Environmental Society (EKES). http://www.ekes.org

Bozek, M.A., and F.J. Rahel. 1991. Assessing habitat requirements of young Colorado River cutthroat trout by use of macrohabitat and microhabitat analyses. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 120:571-581.

Brown, R.S., and W.C. Mackay. 1995a. Fall and winter movements of and habitat use by cutthroat trout in the Ram River, Alberta. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 124:873-885.

Brown, R.S., and W.C. Mackay. 1995b. Spawning ecology of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) in the Ram River, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52:983-992.

Campton, Donald E., and Lynn K. Kaeding.  2005.  Westslope Cutthroat Trout, hybridization and the U.S. Engangered Species Act.  Conservation biology 19(4): 1323-1325.

Canadian Endangered Species Council.   2006.  The general status of species in Canada.  Ottawa: Minister of Public Works and Government Services.

Carl, G., W. Clemens, and C. Lindsey. 1967. The freshwater fishes of British Columbia. British Columbia Provincial Museum Handbook No. 5 (4th Ed.)

Carl, L., and J. Stelfox. 1989. A meristic, morphometric, and electrophoretic analysis of cutthroat trout, Salmo clarkii, from two mountain lakes in Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist 103:80-84.

Costello, A.B., T. Down, S. Pollard, C. Pacas, and E. Taylor. 2003. The influence of history and contemporary stream hydrology on the evolution of genetic diversity within species: an examination of microsatellite DNA variation in bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus (Pisces: Salmonidae). Evolution 57:328-344.

Deeds, S.A., L.R. Kaeding, S.C. Lohr, and D.A. Young. 1999. Status review for westslope cutthroat trout in the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Regions 1 and 6, Portland, Oregon and Denver Colorado.

Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 1986. Policy for the management of Fish Habitat. Cat. No. Fs 2398/ 1986E, Ottawa, ON.

DeStaso III, J., and F.J. Rahel. 1994. Influence of water temperature on interactions between juvenile Colorado River cutthroat trout and brook trout in a laboratory stream. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 123:289-297.

Docker, M., A. Dale, and D. Heath. 2003. Erosion of interspecific reproductive barriers resulting from hatchery supplementation of rainbow trout sympatric with cutthroat trout. Molecular Ecology 12:3515-3521.

Donald, D. 1987. Assessment of the outcome of eight decades of trout stocking in the mountain national parks, Canada. North Am. Journal of Fisheries Management 7: 545-553.

Downs, C., R. White, and B. Sheppard. 1997. Age at sexual maturity, fecundity, sex tation, and longevity of isolated headwater populations of westslope cutthroat trout. North American Journal of Fisheries Management17:85-92.

Dymond, J. 1931. Description of two new forms of British Columbia trout. Contributions to Canadian Biology and Fisheries 6:391-395.

Fausch, K.D. 1989. Do gradient and temperature affect distributions of, and interaction between, brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) and other resident salmonids in streams? Physiology and Ecology Japan Special Volume 1:303-322.

Feldmuth, C., and C. Eriksen. 1991. A hypothesis to explain the distribution of native trout in a drainage of Montana's Big Hole River. Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung fur Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 20:2040-2044.

Ferguson, M.M., R.G. Danzmann, and F.W. Allendorf. 1985. Absence of developmental incompatability in hybrids between rainbow trout and two subspecies of cutthroat trout. Biochemical Genetics 23:1360-1385.

Ferguson, M.M., R.G. Danzmann, and F.W. Allendorf. 1988. Developmental success of hybrids between two taxa of salmonid fish with moderate structural gene divergence. Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:1389-1395.

Fleming, I.A. 1998. Pattern and variability in the breeding system of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), with comparisons to other salmonids. Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 55(Suppl. 1):59 - 76.

Frankham, R. 1996. Relationship of genetic variation to population size in wildlife. Conservation Biology 10:1500-1508.

Fuller, P.L., L.G. Nico and J.D. Williams. 1999. Nonindigenous fishes introduced into inland waters of the United States. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 27, Bethesda, Maryland.

G3 Consulting Ltd. 2000. No net loss of fish habitat: An audit of coastal log handling facilities in British Columbia, 1994 - 1999. Pp. 196. Prepared for the Habitat Assessment and Land Stewardship Unit (HALS), Habitat and Enhancement Branch, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Region, Burnaby.

Giger, R. 1972. Ecology and management of coastal cutthroat trout in Oregon. Rep. No. 6. Pp. 61. Oregon State Game Comm., Corvallis.

Golder and Associates Ltd. 1999. Fisheries Investigation of the Kananaskis River from the Lower Kananaskis Lake dam to Pocaterra Creek.  Submitted to the Government of Alberta, Fish and Wildlife Division.

Golder and Associates Ltd.  2003. Report on strategic overview of riparian and aquatic condition of the South Saskatchewan River Basin.  Submitted to Alberta Environment. 147 pp.

Griffith, J. 1988. Review of competition between cutthroat trout and other salmonids. Pp. 134-140 in R. Gresswell, ed. Status and management of interior stocks of cutthroat trout. American Fisheries Symposium 4. American Fisheries Society, Bethseda.

Gyllensten, U., R.F. Leary, F.W. Allendorf, and A.C. Wilson. 1985. Introgression between two cutthroat trout subspecies with substantial karyotypic, nuclear, and mitochondrial genomic divergence. Genetics 111:905 - 915.

Harper, D., and J. Quigley. 2000. No Net Loss of Fish Habitat: An audit of forest road crossings of fish-bearing streams in British Columbia, 1996-1999. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2319. Pp. 43.

Hartman, G., J. Scrivener, and M. Miles. 1996. Impacts of logging in Carnation Creek, a high-energy coastal stream in British Columbia, and their implication for restoring fish habitat. Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 53(Suppl. 1): 237-251.

Heath, W. 1963. Thermoperiodism in sea-run cutthroat trout (Salmo clarkii clarkii). Science 142:486-488.

Heidt, K.D. 2002. Elk River Creel Survey Quality Waters Strategy (River Guardian Program).  B.C. Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, Environmental Stewardship Division, Fish and Wildlife, Science and Allocation, Kootenay Region, Cranbrook, B.C.  32 pp.

Hilderbrand, R.H., and J.L. Kershner. 2000a. Movement patterns of stream-resident cutthroat trout in Beaver Creek, Idaho-Utah. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 129:1160-1170.

Hilderbrand, R.H., and J.L. Kershner. 2000b. Conserving inland cutthroat trout in small streams: How much stream is enough? North American Journal of Fisheries Management 20:513-520.

Hitt, N. 2002. Hybridization between westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) and rainbow trout (O. mykiss): distribution and limiting factors. M.Sc. thesis. Pp. 80. University of Montana, Missoula.

Hitt, N., C. Frissel, C. Muhlfeld, and F.W. Allendorf. 2003. Spread of hybridization between native westslope cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi, and nonnative rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60:1440-1451.

Holm, J., V. Palace, K. Wautiler, R. Evans, C. Baron, C. Podemski, P. Siwik, and G. Sterling.  2003.  An assessment of the development and survival of wild rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) exposed to elevated selenium in an area of active coal mining.  Pages 257-273 in the Big fish Bang.  Edited by H. Browman and A. Skiftesvik.  Proceedings of the 26th Annual Larval Fish Conference.  The Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.

Hunter, J. 1973. A discussion of game fish in the state of Washington as related to water requirements. Pp. 66. Washington State Dept. Ecology, Olympia.

Jakober, M., T. McMahon, R.F. Thurow, and C. Clancy. 1998. Role of stream ice on fall and winter movements and habitat use by bull trout and cutthroat trout in Montana headwater streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 127:223-235.

Janowicz, M. 2004. Genetic analysis of hybridization between native westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) and introduced rainbow trout (O. mykiss) in the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta. 57 pp. Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Concordia University College of Alberta.

Johnson, O., M. Ruckelshaus, W. Grant, F. Waknitz, A. Garrett, G. Bryant, K. Neely, and J. Hard. 1999. Status review for coastal cutthroat from Washington, Oregon, and California. Pp. 292. National Marine Fisheries Service, Seattle, WA.

Johnston, J., and S. Mercer. 1976. Sea-run cutthroat in salt-water pens: broodstock development and extended juvenile rearing (with a life history compendium). Fisheries Research Report AFS-57-1. Pp. 92. Washington State Game Dept.

Joynt, A., and M. Sullivan. 2003. Fish of Alberta. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton, AB.

Keleher, C.J., and F.J. Rahel. 1996. Thermal limits to salmonid distributions in the Rocky Mountain region and potential habitat loss due to global warming: A geographic information system (GIS) approach. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 125:1-13.

Landry, C., L. Papillon, and L. Bernatchez. 2000. Analysis of gene diversity in cutthroat and rainbow trout from Waterton Lakes and Banff National Parks. Submitted to Charlie Pacas, Banff National Park, Canada, Banff, AB.

Leary, R.F., F.W. Allendorf, S.R. Phelps, and K.L. Knudsen. 1984. Introgression between westslope cutthroat and rainbow trout in the Clark Fork River drainage. Montana.  Proceedings of the Montana Academy of Sciences 43:: 1-18.

Leary, R.F., F.W. Allendorf, and K.L. Knudsen. 1987. Genetic divergence among populations of westslope cutthroat trout in the Upper Kootenay River drainage, British Columbia. Population Genetics Laboratory Report 87:1-17.

Leary, R.F., W. Gould, and G. Sage. 1995. Hybridization and introgression between introduced and native fish. American Fisheries Society Symposium, 4:53-60.

Leary, R.F., W. Gould, and G. Sage. 1996. Success of basibranchial teeth in indicating pure populations of rainbow trout and failure to indicate pure populations of westslope cutthroat trout. North Am. J. Fish. Mgmt. 16:210-213.

Liknes, G. 1984. The present status and distribution of the westslope cutthroat trout (Salmo clarkii lewisi) east and west of the Continental Divide in Montana. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena, MO.

Liknes, G., and P. Graham. 1988. Westslope cutthroat trout in Montana: Life history, status and management. American Fisheries Society Symposium 4:53-60.

Loudenslager, E., and G. Gall. 1980. Geographic patterns of protein variation and subspeciation in cutthroat trout, Salmo clarkii. Systematic Zoology 29:27-42.

MacPhee, C. 1966. Influence of differential angling mortality and stream gradient on fish abundance in a trout-sculpin biotype. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 95: 381-387.

Marnell, L.F., and D. Hunsaker. 1970. Hooking mortality of lure-caught cutthroat trout (Salmo clarkii) in relation to water temperature, fatigue and reproductive maturity of released fish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 99:684-688.

Mayhood, D. 1995. The fishes of the Central Canadian Rockies Ecosystem. Freshwater Research Limited. Report No. 950408. Prepared for Parks Canada, Banff National Park.  59 pp.

Mayhood, D. 2000. Provisional evaluation of the status of westslope cutthroat trout in Canada. Pp. 579-585 in L. Darling, ed. Proceedings of the Biology and Management of Species and Habitats at Risk. BC Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks and University College of the Cariboo, 974pp., Kamloops, BC.

Mayhood, D.W., W. Haskins and M.D. Sawyer.  1997.  Cumulative effects on fish, in M.D. Sawyer, D.W. Mayhood, P, Paquet, R. Thomas, C. Wallis and W. Haskins, Southern East Slopes cumulative effects assessment. A report by Hayduke and Associates Ltd., Calgary, AB. Pp 173-187.

McAllister, D., F.W. Allendorf, and S.R. Phelps. 1981. An analysis of the native and resident cutthroat trout (Salmo clarkii) in the Bow, Kootenay-Columbia and Waterton River systems. Prepared for Parks Canada by Techman Engineering Ltd, Calgary, AB.

McIntyre, J., and B. Rieman. 1995. Westslope cutthroat trout. Pp. 1-15 in M. Young, ed. Conservation assessment for inland cutthroat trout. Tech. Report RM-GTR-256. USDA Forest Service.

McKay, S.J., M. Smith, and R.H. Devlin. 1997. Polymerase chain reaction-based species identification of salmon and coastal trout in British Columbia. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 6:131-140.

McPhail, J., and R. Carveth. 1992. A Foundation for Conservation: The Nature and Origin of the Freshwater Fish Fauna of British Columbia. Pp. 39. UBC Fish Museum, Dept. of Zoology, Vancouver, BC.

McPhail, J., and C. Lindsey. 1986. Zoogeography of the freshwater fishes of Cascadia. Pp. 615-637 in C. Hocutt and E. Wiley, eds. The zoogeography of North American freshwater fishes. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

McPhail, J.D., and R. Carveth. 1992. Field key to the freshwater fishes of British Columbia. UBC Fish Museum, Dept. of Zoology. Vancouver, BC.

Merriman, D. 1935. The effect of temperature on the development of the eggs and larvae of the cutthroat trout (Salmo clarkii clarkii Richardson). J. Exp. Biol. 12:297-305.

Monenco Consultants Ltd. 1982.  Enhancement and baseline fisheries study of the Sheep River watershed. Submitted to Government of Alberta, Fish and Wildlife Division.

Montana Wilderness Association. 2003. Conserving an International Treasure; The Transboundary Flathead. Montana Wilderness Association. http://www.wildmontana.org/

Moyle, P.B., and B. Vondracek. 1985. Persistence and structure of the fish community assemblage in a small California stream. Ecology 66:1-13.

NatureServe. 2004. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life. Version 4.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Website: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. [accessed: September 26, 2004].

Nehlsen, W., J.E. Williams, and J.A. Lichatowich. 1991. Pacific salmon at the crossroads: stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Fisheries 16:4 - 21.

Neitzel, M.J., M.J. Scott, S.A. Shankle and D.A. Chatters.  1991. The effect of climate change on stream environments: the salmonid resource of the Columbia River. Northwest Environmental Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 34:1130-1142.

Nelson, J. 1965. Effects of fish introductions and hydroelectric development on fishes in the Kananaskis River system, Alberta. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 22:721-753.

Nelson, J., M.J. Paetz 1992. The fishes of Alberta. 2nd Ed. The University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, AB.

Northcote, T.G. 1997. Why sea-run? An exploration into the migratory/residency spectrum of coastal cutthroat trout. Pp. 20-26 in J.D. Hall, P.A. Bisson and R. Gresswell, eds. Sea-run cutthroat trout: biology, management, and future conservation. Oregon Chapter, American Fisheries Society, Corvallis.

Ostberg, C.O., and J. Rodriguez. 2002. Novel molecular markers differentiate between Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout and steelhead) and the O. clarkii (cutthroat trout) subspecies. Molecular Ecology Notes 2:197-202.

Owen, S. 1994. East Kootenay Land Use Plan. Commission on Resource and Environment, Victoria, B.C.

Paul, A.J., and J.R. Post. 2001. Spatial distribution of native and nonnative salmonids in streams of the eastern slopes of the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 130:417-430.

Paul, A.J.  2003. Quirk Creek population estimates – 2002.  Prepared for Alberta Sustainable Resource Development by Applied Aquatic Research Ltd. Calgary, Alberta.

 Platts, W.S. 1974. Geomorphic and aquatic conditions influencing salmonids and stream classification. U.S. Forest Service, Billings, Montana.

Pollard, W., G. Hartman, C. Groot, and P. Edgell. 1997. Field identification of coastal juvenile salmonids. Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park, BC.

Porter, M., G. Haas, and E. Parkinson. 2000. Sensitivity of British Columbia's freshwater fish to timber harvest: Using species traits as predictors of species risk. BC Fisheries management report No. 114. 44 pp. BC Fisheries, Vancouver.

Post, J., M. Sullivan, S. Cox, N. Lester, C. Walters, E. Parkinson, A. Paul, L. Jackson, and B. Shuster. 2002. Canada's recreational fisheries: The invisible collapse? Fisheries 27:6-17.

Potvin, C., C. Landry, C. Pacas, and L. Bernatchez. 2003. Genetic population structure of cutthroat (Oncorhynchus clarkii) and rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss) trout in Banff and Waterton Lakes National Parks, Alberta. Final Report presented to Parks Canada, Banff and Waterton Lakes National Parks. Pp. 72. Département de biology, Université Laval, Québec.

Prince, A., and K. Morris. 2002. St. Mary River westslope cutthroat trout radio telemetry study.  Interim report for Columbia-Kootenay Fisheries Renewal Partnership. Prepared by Westslope Fisheries, Cranbrook, BC. 31 pp + app.

Prince, A., and K. Morris. 2003. Elk River westslope cutthroat trout radio telemetry study 2000-2002. Report prepared for Columbia-Kootenay Fisheries Renewal Partnership, Cranbrook, BC. Report prepared by Westslope Fisheries, Cranbrook, BC.  36 pp + 4 app.

Prince, E., and T. McGuire. 1912. Report of the commission to investigate and report upon the conditions and requirements of the fisheries of the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Government Printing Bureau, Ottawa, ON.

Prince, E.E., T.H. McGuire, and E. Sisley. 1912.  Dominion Alberta and Saskatchewan Fisheries Commission 1910-11. Report and recommendations with appendices. Government Printing Bureau, Ottawa, ON. 71 pp.

Prospectors and Developers Association of Canada. 2003. Provincial protected areas strategies across Canada. http://www.pdac.ca/pdac/advocacy/land-use/protected-areas.html

Radford, D. 1977. An evaluation of Alberta’s Fishery Management Program for east slope streams. Fish and Wildlife Division, Department of Recreation, Parks and Wildlife, Lethbridge, AB.

Reeves, G., J.D. Hall, and S.V. Gregory. 1997. The impact of land-management activities on coastal cutthroat trout and their freshwater habitats. Pp. 138-144 in J.D. Hall, P.A. Bisson and R. Gresswell, eds. Sea-run cutthroat trout: Biology, management, and future conservation. Oregon Chapter, American Fisheries Society, Corvallis.

Reiser, D., and T. Bjornn. 1979. Habitat requirements of anadromous salmonids. Pp. 1-54 in W. Meehan, ed. Influence of forest and rangeland management on anadromous fish habitat in the Western United States and Canada. US Dept. Agriculture, Forest Services General Tech. Rep. PNW-96.

Rhymer, J., and D. Simberloff. 1996. Extinction by hybridization and introgression. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics 27:83-109.

Rieman, B., and J. Clayton. 1997. Wildlife and native fish: issues of forest health and conservation of sensitive species. Fisheries 22:6-15.

R.L. & L. Environmental Services Ltd.  1998. Inventory of fish and fish habitat in the Bow River between Ghost Dam and Bearspaw Reservoir. Submitted to Government of Alberta, Fish and Wildlife Division.

Rosenau, M., and M. Angelo. 2003. Conflicts Between People and Fish for Water: Two British Columbia Salmon and Steelhead Rearing Streams in Need of Flows.  Report for the Pacific Fisheries Resource Conservation Council.  98 pp.

Rosenfeld, J. 2001. Freshwater habitat requirements of anadromous cutthroat trout and implications for forestry impacts. Fisheries Management Report No. 113. Pp. 77. Fisheries Research, Vancouver.

Rubidge, E. 2003. Hybridization and introgression between introduced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and native westslope cutthroat trout (O. clarkii lewisi) in the Upper Kootenay River drainage, BC. M.Sc. Thesis. Dept. of Zoology. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.

Rubidge, E., P. Corbett, and E. Taylor. 2001. A molecular analysis of hybridization between native westslope cutthroat trout and introduced rainbow trout in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. Journal of Fish Biology 59:42-54.

Rubidge, Emily, M., and Eric B. Taylor.  2004.  Hybrid zone structure and the potential role of selection in hybridizing populations of native westslope cutthroat trout (Onchorhynchus clarki lewisi) and introduced rainbow trout (O. mykiss).  Molecular Ecology 10: 1111-1125.

Schill, D.J., J.S. Griffith, and R.E. Gresswell. 1986. Hooking mortality of cutthroat trout in a catch-and-release segment of Yellowstone River, Yellowstone National Park. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 6:226-232.

Schindler, D.W., and C. Pacas. 1996. Cumulative effects of human activity on aquatic ecosystems in the Bow Valley of Banff National Park. Pp. 74 in J. Green, C. Pacas, S. Bayley and L. Cornwell, eds. Ecological Outlooks Project: A cumulative effects assessment and Futures Outlook of the Banff-Bow Valley. Department of Canadian Heritage, Ottawa, ON.

Schmetterling, D. 2001. Seasonal movements of fluvial westslope cutthroat trout in the Blackfoot River drainage, Montana. North Am. J. Fish. Mgmt. 21:507-520.

Scholten, A. 1997. Vancouver Island anadromous coastal cutthroat trout: Synoptic survey. Report prepared for Fisheries Research Biodiversity Unit, Fisheries Branch, Ministry of Environment Lands and Parks. Pp. 8 + appendices, Vancouver, BC.

Scribner, K.T., K. Page, and M. Bartron. 2001. Hybridization in freshwater fishes: A review of case studies and cytonuclear methods of biological inference. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 10:293-323.

Shedlock, A., J. Parker, D. Crispin, T. Pietsch, and C. Burmer. 1992. Evolution of the salmonid mitochondrial control region. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1:179-192.

Shepard, B., B. May, and W. Urie. 2003. Status of Westslope Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi) in the United States: 2002. Pp. 100. USDA Forest Service, Bozeman, MT.

Shepard, B., K. Pratt, and P. Graham. 1984. Life histories of westslope cutthroat trout and bull trout in the upper Flathead River Basin, Montana. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks, Helena, MO.

Sierra Club of Canada. 2003. The Sierra Report. 21:8.

Sisley, E. 1911. Fish of the eastern slopes of the Rockies. Canadian Alpine Journal 3:113-116.

Slaney, T.L., K.D. Hyatt, T.G. Northcote, and R.J. Fielden. 1996. Status of anadromous salmon and trout in British Columbia and Yukon. Fisheries 21:20-35.

Smith, G.R., and R.F. Stearly. 1989. The classification and scientific names of rainbow and cutthroat trouts. Fisheries 14:4 - 11.

Snyder, G., and H. Turner. 1960. Cutthroat trout reproduction in the inlets of Trappers Lake. Colorado Fish. Game Tech. Bull. 7. Pp. 85.

Spahr, R., L. Armstrong, D. Atwood, and M. Rath. 1991. Threatened, endangered, and sensitive species of the Intermountain Region. US Forest Service, Ogden, UT.

Spence, B., G. Lomnicky, R. Hughes, and R. Novitzki. 1996. An ecosystem approach to salmonid conservation. National Marine Fisheries Service Report TR-4501-96-6057. ManTech Environmental Research Services Corp., Portland, OR.

Stelfox, J.D. 1987a.  An evaluation of the Spray Lakes Reservoir stocking program, September 1986.  Government of Alberta, Fish and Wildlife Division.

Stelfox, J.D. 1987b.  An evaluation of the Upper and Lower Kananaskis Lakes stocking program, June 1986.  Government of Alberta, Fish and Wildlife Division.

Stelfox, J.D., D.M. Baayens, A.J. Paul, and G.E. Shumaker. 2001. Quirk Creek Brook Trout Suppression Project.  Pages 37-46in M.K. Brewin, A.J. Paul and M. Monita, eds. Bull Trout II. Trout Unlimited Canada, Canmore, AB.

Stelfox, J.D., and R.D. Konynenbelt. 1980. An inventory of fish populations and fish habitat in the Elbow River and Fish Creek watershed. Government of Alberta, Fish and Wildlife Division.

Stelfox, J.D., and C.G. Ladd. 1982. An inventory of fish populations and fish habitats in streams and beaverponds of the Highwood River watershed. Government of Alberta, Fish and Wildlife Division.

Strobeck, C. 1994. Survey of cutthroat trout in Banff National Park. Parks Canada, Calgary, AB.

Taylor, E., M. Stamford, and J. Baxter. 2003. Population subdivision in westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhychus clarkii lewisi) at the northern periphery of its range: evolutionary inferences and conservation implications. Molecular Ecology 12:2609-2622.

Taylor, E.B. 1991. A review of local adaptation in Salmonidae, with particular reference to Pacific and Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 98:185-207.

Thompson, G.E. 1976. Survey of Flat, Evans-Thomas, Rocky, Grizzly, No-Name, Walker and King Creeks. Government of Alberta, Fish and Wildlife Division.

Thorgaard, G.H. 1983. Chromosomal differences among rainbow trout populations. Copeia 1983:650-662.

Tripp, D.B., P.T. P. Tsui, and P. McCart. 1979. Baseline fisheries investigation in the McLean Creek ATV and Sibbald Flat snowmobile areas. Volume II. Prepared for the Alberta Department of Recreation, Parks and Wildlife by Aquatics Environment Limited, Calgary, AB.

Trotter, P.C. 1987. Cutthroat: Native trout of the West. Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder.

US Federal Register. 1996. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Proposed policy and proposed rule on the treatment of intercrosses and intercross progeny (the issue of "Hybridization"); Request for public comment. Federal Register 61:4710-4713.

Varley, J.D., and R. Gresswell. 1988. Status, ecology and management of the Yellowstone cutthroat trout. American Fisheries Society Symposium 4:13-24.

Vucetich, J.A., and T.A. Waite. 2001. Migration and inbreeding: the importance of recipient population size for genetic management. Conservation Genetics 2:167-171.

Ward, J. 1974. The fishes and their distribution in the mountain national parks of Canada. Pp. 17. Canadian Wildlife Service, Calgary, AB.

Weigel, D., J. Peterson, and P. Spruell. 2002. A model using phenotypic characteristics to detect introgressive hybridization in wild westslope cutthroat trout and rainbow trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 131:389-403.

Wiebe, A.P. 1978. A preliminary survey of seventeen streams in the Highwood River watershed. Government of Alberta, Fish and Wildlife Division.

Willock, T. 1969. Distributional list of fishes in the Missouri drainage of Canada. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 26:1439-1449.

Willson, M.F., and K.C. Halupka. 1995. Anadromous fish as keystone species in vertebrate communities. Conservation Biology 9:489 - 497.

Page details

Date modified: