Swift fox (Vulpes velox) COSEWIC assessment and status report 2009: chapter 13


Information sources

Aguirre, A.A. 2009. Wild canids as sentinels of ecological health: a conservationmedicine perspective. Parasites & Vectors 2 (Suppl 1):S7.

Alberta Fish and Wildlife. 2001. Recommended Land Use Guidelines for Protection of Selected Wildlife Species and Habitat Within Grassland and Parkland Natural Regions of Alberta. Alberta Fish and Wildlife, Edmonton, Alberta. 5 pp.

Alberta Swift Fox Recovery Team (ASFRT). 2007. Alberta Swift Fox recovery plan 2006–2011. Alberta Species at Risk Recovery Plan No. 14, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Division, Edmonton, Alberta. 23 pp.

ANHIC (Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre). 2008. Mammal Tracking List. Alberta Natural Heritage Information Centre, Alberta Tourism, Parks, and Recreation, Edmonton, Alberta. Web Site: [Accessed October 2008].

Allardyce, D. and M.A. Sovada. 2003. A review of the ecology, distribution, and status of Swift Foxes in the United States. pp. 3–18 in M.A. Sovada and L.N. Carbyn (eds). The Swift Fox: Ecology and Conservation of Swift Foxes in a Changing World. Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan.

Andersen, D.E., T.R. Laurion, J.R. Cary, R.S. Sikes, M.A. McLeod, and E.M. Gese. 2003. Aspects of Swift Fox ecology in southeastern Colorado. pp. 139–147 in M.A. Sovada and L.N. Carbyn (eds). The Swift Fox: Ecology and Conservation of Swift Foxes in a Changing World. Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan.

Audubon, J.J., and J. Bachman. 1851. The Quadrupeds of North America. V.G. Audubon, New York, New York. 334 pp.

Ausband, D.E., and K.R. Foresman. 2007. Swift fox reintroductions on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, Montana, USA. Biological Conservation 136:423–430.

Ausband, D., and A. Moehrenschlager. 2009. Long–range juvenile dispersal and its implication for conservation of reintroduced Swift Fox Vulpes velox populations in the USA and Canada. Oryx 43:73–77.

Baker, P.J., and S. Harris. 2004. The behavioural ecology of red foxes in urban Bristol. pp. 207–216 in D.W. Macdonald and C. Sillero–Zubiri (eds). Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Bardeleben, C. R.L. Moore, and R.K. Wayne. 2005. A molecular phylogeny of the Canidae based on six nuclear loci. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37:815–831.

Binder, H. 2009. Opinion: Wind turbines on public land Alberta Natural History (http://fanweb.ca/resources-services/staff_and_volunteers/news/august-2009/opinion-wind-turbines-on-public-land-by-henry-binder), August 2009.

Bininda–Emonds, O.R.P., J.L. Gittleman, and A. Purvis. 1999. Building large tree by combining phylogenetic information: a complete phylogeny of the extant Carnivora (Mammalia). Biological Review 74:143–175.

Blus, L.J., G.R. Sherman, and J.D. Henderson. 1967. A Noteworthy record of the Swift Fox in McPherson County, Nebraska. Journal of Mammalogy 48:471–472.

Bonsal, B., and M. Regier. 2007. Historical comparison of the 2001/2002 drought in the Canadian prairies. Climate Research 33:229–242.

Brechtel, S.H., L.N. Carbyn, D. Hjertaas, and C. Mamo. 1993. Canadian Swift Fox Reintroduction Feasibility Study: 1989–1992. Alberta Fish and Wildlife Services, Edmonton, Alberta. 95 pp.

Cameron, M.W. 1984. The Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) on the Pawnee National Grassland: its food habits, population dynamics and ecology. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado. 117 pp.

Carbyn, L.N. 1998. Updated COSEWIC status report: Swift Fox (Vulpes velox). Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. 62 pp.

Carbyn, L.N., H.J. Armbruster, and C. Mamo. 1994. The Swift Fox reintroduction program in Canada from 1983 to 1992. pp. 247–270 in M.L. Bowles and C.J. Whelan (eds). Restoration of Endangered Species: Conceptual Issues, Planning and Implementation. Cambridge University Press, New York, New York. 408 pp.

Carlington, B.G. 1980. Reintroduction of the Swift Fox to the Canadian prairie. M.E.Des. Thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta. 180 pp.

Chambers, G.D. 1978. Little fox on the prairie. Audubon 80:63–69.

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). 2000. COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Swift Fox Vulpes velox in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. 44 pp.

Cotterill, S.E. 1997a. Population Census of Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) in Canada: Winter 1996–1997. Alberta Environmental Protection, Natural Resources Service, Wildlife Management Division, Edmonton, Alberta. 50 pp.

Cotterill, S.E. 1997b. Status of the Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) in Alberta. Wildlife Status Report No. 7, Alberta Environmental Protection, Wildlife Management Division, Edmonton, Alberta. 17 pp.

Covell, D.F. 1992. Ecology of the Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) in southeastern Colorado. M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. 111 pp.

Coupland, R.T. 1987. Endangered prairie habitats: the mixed prairie. pp. 35–42 in G.H. Holroyd, W.B. McGillvray, P.H.R. Stepney, D.M. Ealey, G.C. Trottier, and K.E. Eberhart (eds). Proceedings of the Workshop on Endangered Species in the Prairie Provinces. Natural History Occasional Paper No. 9, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.

Creel, S.R., G. Spong, and N. Creel. 2001. Interspecific competition and the population biology of extinction–prone carnivores. pp. 35–60 in J.L. Gittleman, S.M. Funk, D.W. Macdonald, and R.K. Wayne (eds). Carnivore Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

Cully, Jr., J.F., and E.S. Williams. 2001. Interspecific comparisons of sylvatic plague in prairie dogs. Journal of Mammalogy 82:394–905

Cutter, W.L. 1958a. Denning of the Swift Fox in northern Texas. Journal of Mammalogy 39:70–74.

Cutter, W.L. 1958b. Food habits of the Swift Fox in northern Texas. Journal of Mammalogy 39:527–532.

Cypher, B.L. 2003. Foxes (Vulpes species, Urocyon species, and Alopex lagopus). pp. 511–546 in G.A. Feldhamer, B.C. Thompson, and J.A. Chapman (eds). Wild Mammals of North America: Biology, Management, and Conservation, 2nd Edition. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.

Cypher, B.L., P.A. Kelly, and D.F. Williams. 2003. Factors influencing populations of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes. pp. 125–137 in M.A. Sovada and L.N. Carbyn (eds). The Swift Fox: Ecology and Conservation of Swift Foxes in a Changing World. Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan.

Doherty, K.E., D.E. Naugle, B.L. Walker, and J.M. Graham. 2008. Greater sage–grouse winter habitat selection and energy development. Journal of Wildlife Management 72:187–195.

Dowd Stukel, E. 2008. Swift Fox Conservation Team meeting – Hotel Alex Johnson, Rapid City, South Dakota, 17–19 April, 2007. pp. 54–70 in B. Krueger and M. Ewald (eds). Swift Fox Conservation Team: Report for 2007. Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, Wyoming.

Dragoo, J.W., J.R. Choate, T.L. Yates, and T.P. O'Farrell. 1990. Evolutionary and taxonomic relationships among North American arid–land foxes. Journal of Mammalogy 71:318–332.

Egoscue, H.J. 1979. Mammalian Species: Vulpes velox. Lawrence, Kansas, American Society of Mammalogists 122:1–5.

Erickson, P., P. Fargey, S. Forrest, M. Green, B. Martin, S. Michalsky, J. Nicholson, and L. Rodger. 2004. Initiative overview and digital atlas. In K. Smith and P. Fargey (eds). Shared Prairie – Shared Vision: The Northern Mixed Grass Transboundary Conservation Initiative. Conservation Site Planning Workshop Proceedings and Digital Atlas, Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Regina, Saskatchewan.

Fecske, D., 2008. North Dakota Swift Fox report, 2006–2007. pp. 13 in B. Krueger and M. Ewald (eds). Swift fox conservation team: report for 2007. Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, Wyoming.

Fehlner–Gardiner, C., F. Muldoon, S. Nadin–Davis, A. Wandeler, J. Kush, and L.T. Jordan. 2008. Laboratory diagnosis of rabies in Canada for calendar year 2006. The Canadian Veterinary Journal 49:359–361.

Flaherty, M., and R. Plaake. 1986. Response of Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) to water stress. The Journal of Colorado–Wyoming Academy of Sciences 18:51.

Floyd, B.L., and M.R. Stromberg. 1981. New records of the Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) in Wyoming. Journal of Mammalogy 62:650–651.

Forrest, S.C., H. Strand, W.H. Haskins, C. Freese, J. Proctor, and E. Dinerstein. 2003. Ocean of grass: a conservation assessment for the northern Great Plains. Northern Plains Conservation Network and Northern Great Plains Ecoregion, World Wildlife Fund (US), Bozeman, Montana. ?? pp.

Gasper, P.W., and R.P. Watson. 2001. Plague and Yersiniosis. pp. 313–329 in E.S. Williams and I.K. Barker (eds). Infectious Diseases of Wild Mammals, 3rd Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.

Gauthier, D.A., and E.B. Wiken. 2003. Monitoring the conservation of grassland habitats, Prairie Ecozone, Canada. Environment Monitoring and Assessment 88:343–364.

Geffen, E., A. Mercure, D.J. Girman, D.W. Macdonald, and R.K. Wayne. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships of the fox–like canids: mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment, site and cytochrome beta sequence analyses. Journal of Zoology 228:27–39.

Gese, E.M., S.M. Karki, M.L. Klavetter, E.R. Schauster, and A.M. Kitchen. 2004. Serologic survey of canine infectious diseases among sympatric Swift Foxes (Vulpes velox) and coyotes (Canis latrans) in southeastern Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 40:741–748.

Giddings, B. 2006. Swift fox monitoring activities in Montana. pp. 7–9 in J.N. Stuart and S. Wilson (eds). Swift Fox Conservation Team: Annual Report for 2004. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, New Mexico and Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Grassel, S.M. 2007. Lower Brule Sioux Tribe Swift Fox reintroduction summary. pp. 82–83 in E. Dowd Stukel and D.M. Fecske (eds). Swift Fox Conservation Team: Report for 2005–2006. South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks, Pierre, South Dakota and North Dakota Game and Fish Department, Bismarck, North Dakota.

Hall, E.R. 1981. The Mammals of North America, Volume II. Second Edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York pp. 601–1181.

Hammermeister, A., D. Gauthier, and K. McGovern. 2001. Saskatchewan’s native prairie: statistics of a vanishing ecosystem and dwindling resource. Native Plant Society of Saskatchewan Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. 17 pp.

Harrison, R.L. 2003. Swift fox demography, movements, denning, and diet in New Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist 48:261–273.

Harrison, R.L., and J. Whitaker Hoagland. 2003. A literature review of Swift Fox habitat and den–site selection. pp. 79–92 in M.A. Sovada and L.N. Carbyn (eds). The Swift Fox: Ecology and Conservation of Swift Foxes in a Changing World. Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan.

Herrero, S. 2003. Canada’s experimental reintroduction of Swift Foxes into an altered ecosystem. pp. 33–40 in M.A. Sovada and L.N. Carbyn (eds). The Swift Fox: Ecology and Conservation of Swift Foxes in a Changing World. Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan.

Herrero, S., C. Mamo, L.N. Carbyn, and J.M. Scott–Brown. 1991. Swift fox reintroduction into Canada. pp. 246–252 in G.L. Holroyd, G. Burns, and H.C. Smith (eds). Proceedings of the Second Endangered Species and Prairie Conservation Workshop. Occasional Paper No. 15, Provincial Museum of Alberta, Natural History Section, Edmonton, Alberta.

Herrero, S., C. Schroeder, and S. Scott–Brown. 1986. Are Canadian foxes swift enough? Biological Conservation 36:159–167.

Hildebrand, J. 2008. New US–Fort McMurray highway proposal bad news for native prairie. Wilderness Watch 16:20–21.

Hillman, C.N., and J.C. Sharps. 1978. Return of the Swift Fox to the northern Great Plains. Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Sciences 57:154–162.

Hines, T.D. 1980. An ecological study of Vulpes velox in Nebraska. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska. 103 pp.

Hines, T.D., and R.M. Case. 1991. Diet, home range, movements, and activity periods of Swift Fox in Nebraska. Prairie Naturalist 23:131–138.

Hjertaas, D. 1994. Reintroduction of the Swift Fox on the Wood Mountain Plateau. Prepared for Saskatchewan Environment and Resource Management, Regina, Saskatchewan. 14 pp.

Hoffman, R.S., P.L. Wright, and F.E. Newby. 1969. The distribution of some mammals in Montana I. Other than bats. Journal of Mammalogy 50:579–604.

Humphreys, F.A. and A.G. Campbell. 1947. Plague, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and tularaemia surveys in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health 38:124–130.

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [Accessed October 2008].

IUCN Standards and Petitions Working Group. 2008. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 7.0. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Working Group of the IUCN SSC Biodiversity Assessments Sub–Committee in August 2008.

Jackson, V. 1997. Denning ecology of Swift Foxes (Vulpes velox) in western Kansas. Final report, Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks. 23 pp.

Kahn, R., L. Fox, H. Horner, B. Giddings, and C. Roy. 1997. Conservation assessment and conservation strategy for Swift Fox in the United States. Report by the Swift Fox Conservation Team. 54 pp.

Kamler, J.F., and W.B. Ballard. 2002. A review of native and non–native red foxes in North America. Wildlife Society Bulletin 30:370–379.

Kamler, J.F., W.B. Ballard, M.C. Wallace, and P.S. Gipson. 2007a. Diets of Swift Foxes (Vulpes velox) in continuous and fragmented prairie in northwestern Texas. The Southwestern Naturalist 52:504–510.

Kamler. J.F., W.B. Ballard, M.C. Wallace, R.L. Gilliland, and P.S. Gipson. 2007b. Dietary overlap of Swift Foxes and coyotes in northwestern Texas. American Midland Naturalist 158:139–146.

Kamler, J.F., W.B. Ballard, P.R. Lemons, and K. Mote. 2004. Variation in mating system and group structure in two populations of Swift Foxes, Vulpes velox. Animal Behaviour 68:83–88.

Kamler, J.F., W.B. Ballard, E.B. Fish, P.R. Lemons, K. Mote, and C.C. Perchellet. 2003a. Habitat use, home ranges, and survival of Swift Foxes in a fragmented landscape: conservation implications. Journal of Mammalogy 84:989–995.

Kamler, J.F., W.B. Ballard, R.L. Gilliland, P.R. Lemons, and K. Mote. 2003b. Impacts of coyotes on Swift Foxes in northwestern Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 67:317–323.

Karki, S.M., E.M. Gese, and M.L. Klavetter. 2007. Effects of coyote population reduction on Swift Fox demographics in southeastern Colorado. Journal of Wildlife Management 71:2707–2718.

Kilgore, D.L., Jr. 1969. An ecological study of the Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) in the Oklahoma panhandle. American Midland Naturalist 81:512–534.

Kitchen, A.M., E.M. Gese, L.P. Waits, S.M. Karki, and E.R. Schauster (2006). Multiple breeding strategies in the Swift Fox, Vulpes velox. Animal Behaviour 71:1029–1038

Kitchen, A.M., E.M. Gese, and E.R. Schauster. 1999. Resource partitioning between coyotes and Swift Foxes: space, time, and diet. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:1645–1656.

Knowlton, F.F. 1972. Preliminary interpretations of coyote population mechanics with some management implications. Journal of Wildlife Management 36:369–382.

Kunkel, K., L. Bighorn, and R. Magnan. 2008. Restoration of Swift Fox on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation and in northeastern Montana – final phase one summary report. pp. 39–40 in B. Krueger and M. Ewald (eds). Swift fox Conservation Team: Report for 2007. Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, Wyoming.

Laubin, R. 1977. Indian Dances of North America: Their Importance to Indian Life. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. 576 pp.

Laurenson, M.K., C. Sillero–Zubiri, H. Thompson, F. Shiferaw, S. Thirgood, and J.R. Malcolm. 1998. Disease threats to endangered species: Ethiopian wolves, domestic dogs and canine pathogens. Animal Conservation 1:273–280.

Lawton, J.H. 1993. Range, population abundance and conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8:409–413.

Leighton, F.A., H.A. Artsob, M.C. Chu, and J.G. Olson. 2001. A serological survey of rural dogs and cats on the southwestern Canadian prairie for zoonotic pathogens. Canadian Journal of Public Health 92:67–71.

Licht, D., and G. Schroeder. 2008. Status of Swift Fox in the National Park Service units in 2007. pp. 41–45 in B. Krueger and M. Ewald (eds). Swift Fox Conservation Team: Report for 2007. Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, Wyoming.

Lindberg, M.S. 1986. Swift fox distribution in Wyoming: a biogeographical study. M.A. Thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming. 64 pp.

Linhart, S.B., and W.B. Robinson. 1972. Some relative carnivore densities in areas under sustained coyote control. Journal of Mammalogy 53:880–884.

Maldonado, J.E., R. Cotera, E. Geffen, and R.K. Wayne. 1997. Relationships of the endangered Mexican kit fox (Vulpes macrotis zinseri) to North American arid–land foxes based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Southwestern Naturalist 42:460–470.

Mamo, C. 1994. Swift fox Population Survey 1994. Prepared for Alberta Fish and Wildlife and The Swift fox Conservation Society, Edmonton, Alberta. 30 pp.

Matlack, R.S., P.S. Gipson, and D.W. Kaufman. 2000. The Swift Fox in rangeland and cropland in western Kansas: relative abundance, mortality, and body size. The Southwestern Naturalist 45:221–225.

McGee, B.K., K.L. Nicholson, W.B. Ballard, and M.J. Butler. 2006a. Characteristics of Swift Fox dens in northwest Texas. Western North American Naturalist 66:239–245.

McGee, B.K., J.J. Butler, D.B. Pence, J.L. Alexander, J.B. Nissen, W.B. Ballard, and K.L. Nicholson. 2006b. Possible vector dissemination by Swift Foxes following a plague epizootic in black–tailed prairie dogs in northwestern Texas. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42:415–420.

Mercure, A., K. Ralls, K.P. Koepfli, and R.K. Wayne. 1993. Genetic subdivisions among small canids: mitochondrial DNA differentiation of swift, kit, and arctic foxes. Evolution 47:1313–1328.

Merriam, C.H. 1902. Three new foxes of the kit and desert fox. Proceedings of the Biological Society, Washington 15:73–74.

Miller, D.S., D.F. Covell, R.G. McLean, W.J. Adrian, M. Niezgoda, J.M. Gustafson, O.J. Rongstad, R.D. Schultz, L.J. Kirk, and T.J. Quan. 2000. Serologic survey for selected infectious disease agents in swift and kit foxes from the western United States. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36:798–805.

Moehrenschlager, A. 2000. Effects of ecological and human factors on the behaviour and population dynamics of reintroduced Canadian Swift Foxes (Vulpes velox). D.Phil. Dissertation, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. 301 pp.

Moehrenschlager, A., pers. comm. 2009. Phone and email communications between May–November 2009. Head of the Centre for Conservation Research Calgary Zoological Society, Calgary Zoo.

Moehrenschlager, A., and D.W. Macdonald. 2003. Movement and survival parameters of translocated and resident Swift Foxes. Animal Conservation 6:199–206.

Moehrenschlager, A., and C. Moehrenschlager. 2006. Population Census of Reintroduced Swift Foxes, Vulpes velox, in Canada and Northern Montana 2005/2006. Centre for Conservation Research Report No. 1, Calgary Zoo, Calgary, Alberta.

Moehrenschlager, A., and C. Moehrenschlager. 2001. Census of Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) in Canada and Northern Montana: 2000–2001. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta Species at Risk Report No. 24, Edmonton, Alberta.

Moehrenschlager, A., and C. Moehrenschlager. 1999. Canadian Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) Population Assessment: Winter 1999. Report to Alberta Environmental Protection, Edmonton, Alberta. 37 pp.

Moehrenschlager, A., and M.A. Sovada. 2004. Swift Fox – Vulpes velox. pp. 109–116 in C. Sillero–Zubiri, M. Hoffman, and D.W. Macdonald (eds). Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 430 pp.

Moehrenschlager, A., S.M. Alexander, and T. Brichieri–Colombi. 2007a. Habitat suitability and population viability analysis for reintroduced Swift Foxes in Canada and Northern Montana. Unpublished report. Centre for Conservation Research, Calgary Zoo, Calgary, Alberta. 30 pp.

Moehrenschlager, A., R. List, and D.W. Macdonald. 2007b. Escaping intraguild predation: Mexican kit foxes survive while coyotes and golden eagles kill Canadian Swift Foxes. Journal of Mammalogy 88:1029–1039.

Moehrenschlager, A., B.L. Cypher, K. Ralls, R. List, and M.A. Sovada. 2004. Swift and kit foxes: comparative ecology and conservation priorities of swift and kit foxes. pp. 185–198 in D.W. Macdonald and C. Sillero–Zubiri (eds). Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Morgan Ernest, S.K. 2003. Life history characteristics of placental non–volant mammals. Ecology 84:3402.

National Climate Data and Information Archive. 2002. Canadian Climate Normals or Averages 1971–2000. Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. [Accessed October 2008].

NatureServe. 2008. NatureServe Explorer: An Online Encyclopedia of Life, Version 7.0. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. [Accessed October 2008].

Nicholson, J., pers. comm. 2009. Email and telephone communications in August and September, 2009. Senior Species at Risk Biologist, Alberta Fish and Game Department, Medicine Hat, AB.

Nicholson, K.L., W.B. Ballard, B.K. McGee, and H.A. Whitlaw. 2007. Dispersal and extraterritorial movements of Swift Foxes (Vulpes velox) in northwestern Texas. Western North American Naturalist 67:102–108.

Nowak, R.M. 1999. Walker’s Mammals of the World. Sixth Edition, 2 volumes. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 2015 pp.

Odell, E. 2008. Status of Swift Fox activities in Colorado, 2007. pp. 1–2 in B. Krueger and M. Ewald (eds). Swift Fox Conservation Team: Report for 2007. Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, Wyoming.

Olsen, P.F. 1981. Sylvatic plague. pp. 232–243 in J.W. Davis, L.H. Karstad, and D.O. Trainer (eds). Infectious Diseases of Wild Animals, 2nd Edition. Iowa State Press, Ames, Iowa.

Olson, T.L. 2000. Population characteristics, habitat selection patterns, and diet of Swift Foxes in southeast Wyoming. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming. 139 pp.

Olson, T.L., and F.G. Lindzey. 2002. Swift fox survival and production in southeastern Wyoming. Journal of Mammalogy 83:199–206.

Olson, T.L., J.S. Dieni, and F.G. Lindzey. 1997. Swift fox survey evaluation, productivity, and survivorship in southeast Wyoming. Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Laramie, Wyoming. 30 pp.

Pechacek, P., F.G. Lindzey, and S.H. Andersen. 2000. Home range size and spatial organization of Swift Fox Vulpes velox (Say, 1823) in southeastern Wyoming. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde 65:209–215.

Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA). 2008. Information sheet on the emergency use of strychnine to control Richardon’s Ground Squirrels in Saskatchewan (PDF, 84 KB). [Accessed April 2009].

PMRA. 2006a. Proposed Acceptability for Continuation for Registration PACR2006–08: Re–evaluation of Zinc Phosphide. Health Canada, Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Ottawa, Ontario. 17 pp.

PMRA. 2006b. Re–evaluation Decision Document RRD 2006–23: Sodium Cyanide. Health Canada, Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Ottawa, Ontario. 3 pp.

PMRA. 2005. Proposed Acceptability for Continuation for Registration PACR2005–08: Re–evaluation of Strychnine. Health Canada, Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Ottawa, Ontario. 26 pp.

Prairie Conservation Action Plan (PCAP) Partnership. 2003. Saskatchewan Prairie Conservation Action Plan 2003–2008. Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan. 46 pp.

Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration (PFRA). 2008. Community Pasture Program. Agriculture and Agri–Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. [Accessed October 2008].

Pruss, S.D. 2002. Ecology of coyotes (Canis latrans) in Elk Island National Park, Alberta, Canada. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.

Pruss, S.D. 1999. Selection of natal dens by Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) on the Canadian prairies. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:646–652.

Pruss, S.D. 1994. An observational natal den study of wild Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) on the Canadian Prairie. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta. 214 pp.

Pruss, S.D., P. Fargey, and A. Moehrenschlager. 2008. Recovery Strategy for the Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) in Canada. Prepared in consultation with the Canadian Swift Fox Recovery Team. Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series, Parks Canada Agency, Ottawa, Ontario. 35 pp.

Pybus, M.J., and E.S. Williams. 2003. A review of parasites and diseases of wild Swift Fox. pp. 231–236 in M.A. Sovada and L.N. Carbyn (eds). The Swift Fox: Ecology and Conservation of the Swift Fox in a Changing World. Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan.

Rand, A.L. 1948. Mammals of the eastern Rockies and western plains of Canada. Bulletin No. 108, Biological Series No. 35, National Museum of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. 237 pp.

Reid, R. 2006. Peterson Field Guide to Mammals of North America, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, New York. 608 pp.

Reynolds, J.L., L.N. Carbyn, M. Nietfeld, H. Armbruster, S. Herrero, and C. Mamo. 1991. Food habits of Swift Foxes (Vulpes velox) in release programs in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Unpublished report. 26 pp.

Riley, S.J., G.M. Nesslage, and B.A. Maurer. 2004. Dynamics of early wolf and cougar eradication efforts in Montana: implications for conservation. Biological Conservation 119:575–579.

Robinson, W.B. 1961. Population changes of carnivores in some coyote–control areas. Journal of Mammalogy 42:510–515.

Rohwer, S.A., and D.L. Kilgore, Jr. 1973. Interbreeding in the arid–land foxes, Vulpes velox and V. macrotis. Systematic Zoology, 22:157–165.

R.C. Rosatte 1988. Rabies in Canada: history, epidemiology and control. Canadian Veterinary Journal 29: 362–365.

Roy, L.D. and M.J. Dorrance. 1985. Coyote movements, habitat use, and vulnerability in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:307–313.

Salkeld, D.J., R.J. Eisen, P. Stapp, A.P. Wilder, J. Lowell, D.W. Tripp, D. Albertson, and M.F. Antolin. 2007. The potential role of Swift Foxes (Vulpes velox) and their fleas in plague outbreaks in prairie dogs. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 43:425–431.

Samson, F.B., F. Knopf, and W.R. Ostlie. 2004. Great Plains ecosystems: past, present and future. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32:6–15.

Sargeant, A.B., R.J. Greenwood, M.A. Sovada, and T.L. Shaffer. 1993. Distribution and Abundance of Predators that Affect Duck Production – Prairie Pothole Region. Resource Publication No. 194. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. 96 pp.

Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre (SCDC). 2003. Saskatchewan Activity Restriction Guidelines for Sensitive Species in Natural Habitats. Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre, Fish and Wildlife Branch, Saskatchewan Environment, Regina, Saskatchewan. 5 pp.

Saskatchewan Department of Tourism and Renewable Resources. 1978. COSEWIC Status Report on the Swift Fox Vulpes velox in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. 7 pp.

Saskatchewan Environment. 2006. Saskatchewan Representative Areas Network, Progress Report 2005. Government of Saskatchewan, Saskatchewan Environment, Regina, Saskatchewan. 7 pp.

Sauchyn, D.J., E.M. Barrow, R.F. Hopkinson, and P.R. Leavitt. 2002. Aridity on the Canadian plains. Géographie Physique et Quarternaire 56:247–259.

Say, T., 1823. Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains : performed in the years 1819 and 1820, by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, sec'y of war, under the command of Major Stephen H. Long : from the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party compiled by Edwin James, botanist and geologist for the expedition; in two vols.

SCDC (Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre). 2008. Taxa List for Vertebrates. Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre, Fish and Wildlife Branch, Saskatchewan Environment, Regina, Saskatchewan. 38 pp.

Schauster, E.R. 2001. Swift fox (Vulpes velox) on the Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site, Colorado: population ecology and evaluation of survey methods. M.Sc. Thesis, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

Schauster, E.R., E.M. Gese, and A.M. Kitchen. 2002. Population ecology of Swift Foxes (Vulpes velox) in southeastern Colorado. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80:307–319.

Schroeder, C.A. 1985. A preliminary management plan for securing Swift Fox reintroductions into Canada. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta. 211 pp.

Scott–Brown, J.M., S. Herrero, and J. Reynolds. 1987. Swift fox. pp. 433–441 in M. Novak, J.A. Baker, M.E. Obbard, and B. Malloch (eds). Wild Furbearer Management and Conservation in North America. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto, Ontario.

Seton, E.T. 1909. Life Histories of the Northern Mammals: Account of the Mammals of Manitoba, Volume II – Flesh Eaters. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, New York. 1267 pp.

Sissons, R.A., K.L. Scalise, and T.I. Wellicome. 2001. Nocturnal foraging and habitat use by male burrowing owls in a heavily–cultivated region of southern Saskatchewan. Journal of Raptor Research 35:304–309.

Smeeton, C. 2006. Re–introduction of Swift Fox to the Blackfeet Confederacy Tribal Lands of western North America: three programs, three realities. Re–introduction News 25:33–35.

Smeeton, C., and K. Weagle. 2000. The reintroduction of the Swift Fox Vulpes velox to South Central Saskatchewan. Oryx 34:171–179.

Smeeton, C., K. Weagle, and S.S. Waters. 2003. Captive breeding of the Swift Fox at the Cochrane Ecological Institute, Alberta. pp. 199–206 in M.A. Sovada and L.N. Carbyn (eds). Swift Fox: Ecology and Conservation of Swift Foxes in a Changing World. Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan.

Soper, J.D. 1964. The Mammals of Alberta. Hamly Press Ltd., Edmonton, Alberta. 402 pp.

Sovada, M.A., C.C. Roy, J.B. Bright, and J.R. Gillis. 1998. Causes and rates of mortality of Swift Foxes in western Kansas. Journal of Wildlife Management 62:1300–1306.

Sovada, M.A., C.C. Roy, and D.J. Telesco. 2001. Seasonal food habits of Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) in cropland and rangeland landscapes in western Kansas. American Midland Naturalist 145:101–111.

Sovada, M.A., C.C. Slivinski,, and R.O. Woodward. 2003. Home range, habitat use, pup dispersal and litter sizes of Swift Foxes in western Kansas. pp. 149–159 in M.A Sovada and L.N. Carbyn (eds). Swift Fox: Ecology and Conservation of Swift Foxes in a Changing World. Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan.

Species at Risk Act (SARA) Public Registry. 2008. Species Profile: Swift Fox. Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. [Accessed October 2008].

Stephens, R.M., and S.H. Anderson. 2005. Swift Fox (Vulpes velox): A Technical Conservation Assessment. Prepared for USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region, Species Conservation Project, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming.

Stromberg, M.R., and M.S. Boyce. 1986. Systematics and Conservation of the Swift fox, Vulpes velox, in North America. Biological Conservation 35:97–110.

Tannerfeldt, M., A. Moehrenschlager, and A. Angerbjörn. 2003. Den ecology of swift, kit, and Arctic foxes: a review. pp. 167–181 in M.A. Sovada and L.N. Carbyn (eds). The Swift Fox: Ecology and Conservation of Swift Foxes in a Changing World. Canadian Prairie Research Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan.

Thomas, R.E., M.L. Beard, T.J. Quan, L.G. Carter, A.M. Barnes, and C.E. Hopla. 1989. Experimentally induced plague infection in the northern grasshopper mouse (Onychomys leucogaster) acquired by consumption of infected prey. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 25:477–480.

Thornton, W.A., and G.C. Creel. 1975. The taxonomic status of kit foxes. Texas Journal of Science 26:127–136.

Thwaites, R.G. 1905. Early Western Travels, 1748–1846. Microcard Editions, Washington, DC [Originally published in 30 volumes from 1904–07 by A.H. Clark Company, Cleveland, Ohio]

Timm, S. F., Stokely, J. M., Gehr, T. B., Peebles, R. L. and Garcelon, D. K. 2000. Investigation into the decline of island foxes on Santa Catalina Island. Report prepared for the Ecological Restoration Department, Santa Catalina Island Conservancy. Institute for Wildlife Studies, Avalon, CA, USA.

Underwood, L.S., and J.A. Mosher. 1982. Arctic fox. pp. 491–503 in J.A. Chapman and G.A. Feldhamer (eds). Wild Mammals of North America. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2001. Annual notice of findings on recycled petitions. Federal Register 66:1295–1300.

Uresk, D.W., and J.C. Sharps. 1986. Denning habitat and diet of the Swift Fox in western South Dakota. The Great Basin Naturalist 46:249–253.

Wayne, R.K., and S.J. O’Brien. 1987. Allozyme divergence within the Canidae. Systematic Zoology 36:339–355.

Whitaker Hoagland, J. 1997. A review of literature related to Swift Fox habitat use. pp. 113–125 in B. Gidding (ed.). Swift Fox Conservation Team: 1997 Annual Report. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver, Colorado.

Wissler, C., and D.C. Duvall. 1995. Mythology of the Blackfoot Indians. A.B. Kehoe (ed.). University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska. 172 pp.

Woodroffe, R., and J.R. Ginsberg. 1999. Conserving the African wild dog Lycaon pictus I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline. Oryx 33:132–142.

Wooley, T.P., F.G. Lindzey, and R. Rothwell. 1995 Swift fox surveys in Wyoming – Annual Report. pp. 61–76 in S.H. Allen, J. Whitaker Hoagland, and E. Dowd Stukel (eds). Report of the Swift Fox Conservation Team 1995. North Dakota Game and Fish Department, Bismarck, North Dakota.

Zimmerman, A.L. 1998. Reestablishment of Swift Fox (Vulpes velox) in northcentral Montana. M. Sc. Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana. 44 pp.

Zimmerman, A.L., L. Irby, and B. Giddings. 2003. The status and ecology of Swift Foxes in north central Montana. pp. 49–59 in M.A. Sovada and L.N. Carbyn (eds). The Swift Fox: Ecology and Conservation of Swift Foxes in a Changing World. Canadian Plains Research Centre, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan.

Zrzavỳ, J., and V. Řičánková . 2004. Phylogeny of recent Canidae (Mammalia, Carnivora): relative reliability and utility of morphological and molecular datasets. Zoologica Scripta 33:311–333.

Zumbaugh, D.M., J.R. Choate, and L.B. Fox. 1985. Winter food habits of the Swift Fox on the central high plains. Prairie Naturalist 17:41–47.

Page details

Date modified: