Loutre de mer (Enhydra lutris) évaluation et rapport de situation du COSEPAC 2007 : chapitre 15

Sources d'information

Ames, J.A., et G.V. Morejohn. 1980. Evidence of white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, attacks on sea otters, Enhydra lutris, California Fish and Game 66: 196-209

Anderson, D.M.1994. Red Tides, Scientific American 271: 62-69.

Anthony, R.G., A.K. Miles, J.A. Estes et F.B. Isaacs. 1999. Productivity, diets, and environmental contaminants in nesting bald eagles from the Aleutian Archipelago, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:2054-2062.

Bacon, C.E., W.M. Jarman, J.A. Estes, M. Simon et R.J. Norstrom. 1999. Comparison of organochlorine contaminants among sea otters (Enhydra lutris) populations in California and Alaska, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18: 452-458.

Barrett-Lennard, L. Comm. pers. 2003. Correspondance écrite et verbale avec L. Nichol,. Novembre 2004, chercheur scientifique, Vancouver Aquarium, et professeur auxiliaire à la University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver Aquarium, C.P. 3232, Vancouver (Colombie-Britannique) V6B 3X8.

Bigg, M.A., et I.B. MacAskie. 1978. Sea otters re-established in British Columbia, Journal of Mammalogy 59: 874-876.

Bodkin J.L. 2003. Sea Otter Enhydra lutris, in G.A. Feldhamer, B.C. Thompson et J.A. Chapman (éd..), Wild Mammals of North America, Biology, Management, and Conservation, 2nd Edition, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1216 p.

Bodkin, J.L., D. Mulcahy et C.J. Lensink. 1993. Age-specific reproduction in female sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from south-central Alaska: analysis of reproductive tracts, Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:1811-1815.

Bodkin, J.L., B.E. Ballachey, M.A. Cronin et K.T. Schribner. 1999. Population demographics and genetic diversity of remnant and translocated populations of sea otters, Conservation Biology 13: 1378-1385.

Bodkin J.L., B.E. Ballachey, T.A. Dean, A.K. Fukuyama, S.C. Jewett, L. McDonald, D.H. Monson, C.E. O’Clair et G.R. VanBlaricom. 2002. Sea otter population status and the process of recovery from the 1989 ‘Exxon Valdez’ oil spill, Marine Ecology Progress Series 241: 237-253.

Bodkin, J.L., G.G. Esslinger et D. Monson.2004. Foraging depths of sea otters and implications to coastal marine communities, Marine Mammal Science 20: 305-321.

Breen, P.A., T.A. Carson, J.B. Foster et E.A. Stewart. 1982. Changes in subtidal community structure associated with the British Columbia sea otter transplant, Marine Ecology 7: 13-20.

British Columbia Parks (Ministry of the Environment). 1995. Sea Otter Management Plan, for Hakai Recreation Area, rapport inédit préparé par J.C. Watson pour la Parks and Protected Areas Branch du Ministry of Water Land and Air Protection de la Colombie-Britannique.

Burger, A.E. 1992. The effects of oil pollution on seabirds off the west coast of Vancouver Island, p. 120-128 in K. Vermeer, R.W. Butler et K.H. Morgan (éd.), The ecology, status, and conservation of marine and shoreline birds on the west coast of Vancouver Island, Publication hors série n o 75 du Service canadien de la faune, Ottawa.

Calkins, D.G., et K.B. Schneider. 1985. The sea otter (Enhydra lutris), p 37-45in J.J. Burns, K.J. Frost et L.F. Lowry (éd.), Marine Mammal Species Accounts, Department of Fish and Game de l'Alaska, Technical Bulletin 7. (Citée in USFWS, 2002b).

CITES. (Sans date). Les Annexes I, II et III de la CITES (consulté en janvier 2006). Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d'extinction, Genève, Suisse.

Cohen, P., et R. Aylesworth. 1990. Oil spill risk for southern British Columbia/northern Washington coast marine area, Final report of the States/British Columbia oil spill task force, Appendix VII, publié par la province de la Colombie-Britannique et les États de Washington, de l’Oregon, de l’Alaska et de la Californie.

Conservation Data Centre de la Colombie-Britannique.2005. British Columbia Species and Ecosystems Explorer. Ministry of Environment de la Colombie-Britannique, site Web accessible à l’adresse (http://srmapps.gov.bc.ca/apps/eswp/) (consulté [Enhydra lutris] en janvier 2006).

Costa, D.P. 1978. The ecological energetics, water, and electrolyte balance of the California sea otter, Enhydra lutris, thèse de doctorat, University of California, Santa Cruz (Californie), États-Unis.

Costa, D.P. 1982. Energy, nitrogen, and electrolyte flux and sea water drinking in the sea otter, Enhydra lutris, Physiological Zoology 55: 35-44

Costa, D.P., et G.L. Kooyman. 1982. Oxygen consumption, thermoregulation, and the effect of fur oiling and washing on the sea otter, Enhydra lutris, Canadian Journal of Zoology 60: 2761-2767.

Cowan, I.M., et C.J. Guiguet. 1960. The Mammals of British Columbia. British Columbia Provincial Museum Handbook, no 11, 413 p.

Cronin, M.A., J. Bodkin, B. Ballachey, J. Estes et J.C. Patton.1996. Mitochondrial-DNA variation among subspecies and populations of sea otters (Enhydra lutris), Journal of Mammalogy 77: 546-557.

DeGange, A.R., et M.M. Vacca. 1989. Sea otter mortality at Kodiak Island, Alaska, during summer 1987, Journal of Wildlife Management 70: 836-838.

DeGange, A.R., A.M. Doroff et D.H. Monson. 1994. Experimental recovery of carcasses at Kodiak Island, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill,Marine Mammal Science 10:492-496.

Doroff, A.M., J.A. Estes, M.T. Tinker, D.M. Burn et T.J. Evans. 2003. Sea otter population declines in the Aleutian archipelago, Journal of Mammalogy 84: 55-64.

Duggins, D.O., C.A. Simenstad et J.A. Estes.1989. Magnification of secondary production by kelp detritus in coastal marine ecosystems, Science 245: 170-173.

Dunlop R. Comm. pers. 2006. Correspondance verbal et par courriel avec L. Nichol, février 2006, Regional Fisheries Biologist, Nootka-Kyuquot, Conseil tribal de Nuu-chah-nulth, B.P. 109 Gold River (Colombie-Britannique) VOP 1GO.

Dunlop, R., J. James et J. Osborne. 2003. Kwakwatl (sea otter) counts in 2002 in the Nuu-chah-nulth Ha’houlthee, West Coast Vancouver Island, programme des pêches du Conseil tribal de Nuu-chah-nulth, Technical Report SO-2-3-01, 14 p.

Enbridge Inc. 2005. Enbridge Inc. - Gateway Pipeline - Project Overview, EndBridge Inc., site Web accessible à l’adresse (http://www.enbridge.com/gateway) (consulté en février 2006).

Estes, J.A. 1980. Enhydra lutris, American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalian Species 133, 8 p.

Estes, J.A. 1990. Growth and equilibrium in sea otter populations, Journal of Animal Ecology 59:385-401.

Estes, J.A. 1991. Catastrophes and Conservation: Lessons from Sea Otters and the Exxon Valdez, Science 254:1596.

Estes, J.A., R.J. Jameson et A.M. Johnson.1981. Food selection and some foraging tactics of sea otters, p. 606-641 in J.A. Chapman et D. Pursley(éd.), Worldwide Furbearers Conference Proceedings.

Estes, J.A., et G.R. VanBlaricom. 1985. Sea otters and shellfisheries, p. 187-235 in R. Beverton, J. Beddington et D. Lavigne (éd.), Conflicts Between Marine Mammals and Fisheries, Allen and Unwin, London, Angleterre.

Estes, J.A., et D.O. Duggins. 1995. Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm, Ecological Monographs 65: 75-100.

Estes, J.A., M.T. Tinker, T.M. Williams et D.F. Doak. 1998. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems, Science 282:473-475.

Estes, J.A., M.L. Riedman, M.M. Staedler, M.T. Tinker et B.E. Lyons. 2003a. Individual variation in prey selection by sea otters: patterns, causes and implications, Journal of Animal Ecology 72: 144-155.

Estes, J.A., B.B. Hatfield, K. Ralls et J. Ames. 2003b. Causes of mortality in California sea otters during periods of population growth and decline, Marine Mammal Science 19: 198-216.

Estes, J.A., D.R. Lindberg et C. Wray. 2005. Evolution of large body size in abalones (Haliotis): patterns and implications, Paleobiology 31: 591-606.

Fisher E. 1940. The sea otter past and present, p. 223-235, Sixth Pacific Science Conference.

Garrott, R.A., L.L. Eberhard et D.M. Burns. 1993. Mortality of sea otters in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Marine Mammal Science 9:343-359. (Citée in USFWS, 2002.)

Garshelis, D.L. 1983. Ecology of sea otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska, thèse de doctorat, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Garshelis, D.L., et J.A. Garshelis 1984. Movements and management of sea otters in Alaska, Journal of Wildlife Management 48: 665-678.

Garshelis, D.L., A.M. Johnson et J.A. Garshelis.1984. Social organization of sea otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska, Canadian Journal of Zoology 62:637-647.

Gerber, L.R., et G.R. VanBlaricom. 1998. Potential fishery conflicts involving sea otters (Enhydra lutris [L.]) in Washington State waters, préparé pour la Marine Mammal Commission, 119 p.

Gill, V.A., K. Burek, P. Tuomi, A.M.  Doroff, T. Goldstein, J. Bodkin et M. Miller. 2005. Patterns of mortality for northern sea otters from Alaska, résumé in 16th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Society for Marine Mammalogy, San Diego (Californie), conférence tenue du 12 au 16 décembre 2005.

Gorbics, C.S., G.R. VanBlaricom, B.E. Ballachey, N.J. Thomas et M.M. Staedler (éd.). 2000. Sea otter conservation: report from the sixth joint U.S. – Russia sea otter workshop November 1997, Forks, Washington, 61 p.

Hattori, K., I. Kawabe, A.W. Mizuno et N. Ohtaishi. 2005. History and status of sea otters, Enhydra lutris, along the coast of Hokkaido, Japan, Mammal Study. 30: 41-51, The Mammalogical Society of Japan.

IUCN (Union mondiale pour la nature). 2004. IUCN 2004 Red list of Threatened Species (en anglais seulement), the IUCN Species Survival Commission (consulté en janvier 2006).

Jameson, R.J. 1989. Movements, home range, and territories of male sea otters off central California, Marine Mammal Science 5:159-172.

Jameson, R. Comm. pers. 2002. Correspondance écrite avec L. Nichol, 2002, biologiste recherchiste (retraité) : loutres de mer a/s du Department of Fish and Wildlife de l’État de Washington, Marine Mammal Investigations, 7801 Phillips Road SW, Tacoma (État de Washingon).

Jameson, R.J., et J.L. Bodkin 1986. An incidence of twinning in the sea otter (Enhydra lutris), Marine Mammal Science 2: 305-309.

Jameson, R.J., et A.M. Johnson. 1993. Reproductive characteristics of female sea otters, Marine Mammal Science 9:156-167.

Jameson, R.J., et S.J. Jeffries. 2004. Results of the 2003 survey of the reintroduced sea otter population in Washington State, USGS Biological Resources Division, Corvallis (Oregon), 6 p.

Jameson, R.J., K.W. Kenyon, A.M. Johnson et H.M. Wright. 1982. History and status of translocated sea otter populations in North America, Wildlife Society Bulletin 10:100-107.

Jamieson, G.S., et J. Lessard. 2000. Marine protected areas and fisheries closures in British Columbia, Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences 131, 414 p.

Johnson, A.M. 1982. The sea otter, Enhydra lutris, p. 521-525 in Mammals of the Sea, FAO Fisheries Series 5, Vol. IV.

Kannan, K., K.S. Guruge, N.J. Thomas, S. Tanabe et J.P. Giesy. 1998. Butyltin residues in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) found dead along California coastal waters, Environmental Science and Technology 32: 1169-1175.

Kannan, K., N. Kajiwara, M. Watanabe, H. Nakata, N.J. Thomas, M. Stephenson, D.A. Jessup et S. Tanabe. 2004. Profiles of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, organochlorine pesticides, and butyltins in southern sea otters and their prey, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23: 49-56.

Kenyon, K.W. 1969. The sea otter in the eastern Pacific Ocean, North American Fauna 68:1-352.

Kreuder, C., M.A. Miller, D.A. Jessup, L.J. Lowenstine, M.D. Harris, J.A. Ames, T.E. Carpenter, P.A. Conrad et J.A.K. Mazet. 2003. Patterns of mortality in the southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis), from 1998 to 2001, Journal of Wildlife Disease 39:495-509.

Kvitek, R.G., et C. Bretz. 2004. Harmful algal bloom toxins protect bivalve populations from sea otter predatiom, Marine Ecological Progress Series 271: 233-243.

Kvitek, R.G., J.S. Oliver, A.R. DeGange et B.S. Anderson. 1992. Changes in Alaskan soft-bottom prey communities along a gradient in sea otter predation, Ecology 73:413-428.

Kvitek, R.G., C.E. Bowlby et M. Staedler. 1993. Diet and foraging behaviour of sea otters in Southeast Alaska, Marine Mammal Science 9: 168-181.

Lafferty, K.D., et L.R. Gerber. 2002. Good medicine for conservation biology: the intersection of epidemiology and conservation theory, Conservation Biology 16: 593-604.

Lance, M.M., S. Richardson et H. Allen. 2004. Washington state recovery plan for the sea otter, Department of Fish and Wildlife de l’État de Washington, Olympia (État de Washington), 91 p.

Larson, S., R. Jameson, M. Etnier, M. Flemings et P. Bentzen. 2002a. Loss of genetic diversity in sea otters (Enhydra lutris) associated with the fur trade of the 18th and 19th centuries, Molecular Ecology 11: 1899-1903.

Larson, S., R. Jameson, J. Bodkin, M. Staedler et P. Bentzen. 2002b. Microsatellite DNA and mitochondrial DNA variation in remnant and translocated sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations, Journal of Mammalogy 83: 893-906.

Loughlin, T.R. 1980. Home range and territoriality of sea otters near Monterey, California, Journal of Wildlife Management 44:576-582.

MacAskie, I.B. 1987. Updated status of the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) in Canada, Canadian Field-Naturalist 101:279-283.

Mackie, R.S. 1997. Trading Beyond the Mountains, The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793-1843, First Edition, UBC Press, Vancouver, Canada, 368 p.

Mason, C., et S. MacDonald. 1990. Conclusions and Priorities for Otter Conservation, p. 80-88 in Otters: An Action Plan for Their Conservation, P. Foster-Turley, S. MacDonald et C. Mason (éd.), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources/Species Survival Commission Otter Specialist Group, Kelvyn Press, Chicago.

Mazet, J.A.K., I.A. Gardner, D.A. Jessup et L.J. Lowenstine. 2001. Effects of petroleum on mink applied as a model for reproductive success in sea otters, Journal of Wildlife Disease 37: 686-692.

Miller, M.A., I.A. Gardner, C. Kreuder, D.M. Paradies, K.R. Worcester, D.A. Jessup, E. Dodd, M.D. Harris, J.A. Ames, A.E. Packham et P.A. Conrad. 2002. Coastal freshwater runoff is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis), International Journal of Parasitology 32: 997-1006.

Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources de la Colombie-Britannique. Sans date. Offshore Oil and Gas in BC, Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources de la Colombie-Britannique, site Web accessible à l’adresse (http://www.offshoreoilandgas.gov.bc.ca/offshore-oil-and-gas-in-bc/) (consulté en mars 2006).

Monson, D.H., J.A. Estes, J.L.Bodkin et D.B. Siniff. 2000a. Life history plasticity and population regulation in sea otters, OIKOS 90: 457-468.

Monson, D.H., D.F. Doak, B.E. Ballachey, A. Johnson et J.L. Bodkin. 2000b. Long-term impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on sea otters, assessed through age-dependent mortality patterns, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 97: 6562-6567.

Morris, R, D.V. Ellis, B. Emerson et S. Norton. 1979. Assessment of the B.C. sea otter transplants, 1978: including data on stocks of invertebrates and macrophytic algae, rapport présenté au Ecological Reserve Unit, du Ministry of Environment de la Colombie-Britannique, Victoria (Colombie-Britannique), 42 p.

Morris, R, D.V. Ellis et B.P. Emerson. 1981. The British Columbia transplant of sea otters Enhydra lutris, Biological Conservation 20:291-295.

Nakata, H., K. Kannan, L. Jing, N. Thomas, S. Tanabe et J.P. Giesy. 1998. Accumulation pattern of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) found stranded along coastal California, USA, Environmental Pollution 103: 45-53.

Nichol, L.M., J.C. Watson, G.E. Ellis et J.K.B. Ford. 2005. Évaluation de l’abondance et de la croissance de la population de loutres de mer (Enhydra lutris) en Colombie-Britannique, Secrétariat canadien de consultation scientifique, Document de recherche 2005/094, Pêches et Océans Canada, 27 p.

Osborne, J. Comm. pers. 2006. Correspondance par courriel avec L. Nichol, février 2006, Resource Biologist, a/s de la West coast Aquatic Management Association, 3017 Third Ave, Port Alberni, (Colombie-Britannique) V9Y 7M2, et de RedfishBluefish Consulting, 7429 Pacific Rim Highway, Port Alberni, (Colombie-Britannique) V9Y 8Y5.

Payne, S.F., et R.J. Jameson. 1984. Early behavioural development of the sea otter, Enhydra lutris, Journal of Mammalogy 65:527-531.

Ralls, K., et D.B. Siniff. 1990. Sea otters and oil: ecologic perspectives, p. 199-210 in J.R. Geraci et D.J. St. Aubin (éd.), Sea Mammals and Oil: Confronting the Risks. Academic Press Inc.

Raverty, S. Comm. pers. 2006. Correspondance par courriel avec L. Nichol, mars 2006, pathologiste vétérinaire, Animal Health Centre de la Colombie-Britannique, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford (Colombie-Britannique) V3G 2M3.

Reeves R.R. 2002. Report of a workshop to develop a research plan on chemical contaminants and health status of southern sea otters, Santa Cruz (Californie), janvier 2002, préparé pour le Southern sea otter contaminants working group, 4 p.

Reisewitz, S.E., J.A. Estes et C.A. Simenstad. 2006. Indirect food web interactions: sea otters and kelp forest fishes in the Aleutian Archipelago, Oecologia 146: 623-631.

Rickard, T.A. 1947. The sea otter in history, British Columbia Historical Society Quarterly 11: 15-31.

Riedman, M.L., et J.A. Estes. 1990. The sea otter (Enhydra lutris): Behaviour, ecology and natural history, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 90(14), 126 p.

Riedman, M.L., J.A. Estes, M.M. Staedler, A.A. Giles et D.R. Carlson. 1994. Breeding patterns and reproductive success of California sea otters, Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 391-399.

Risebrough, R.W. 1984. Accumulation patterns of heavy metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons by sea otters Enhydra lutris in California, rapport présenté à la Marine Mammal Commission des États-Unis. (Citée in Riedman et Estes, 1990).

Ross, P.S. 2002. The role of immunotoxic environmental contaminants in facilitating the emergence of infectious diseases in marine mammals, Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 8: 277-292.

Rotterman L.M., et T. Simon-Jackson 1988.Sea Otter, in J.W. Lenifer (éd.), Selected Marine Mammals of Alaska: Species Accounts with Research and Management Recommendations, Marine Mammal Commission Washington D.C.

Sea Otter Recovery Team. 2003. National Recovery Strategy for the Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris) in Canada. Pêches et Océans Canada, 60 p.

Shaffer, M., et Associates Ltd. 1990. Crude oil and petroleum product traffic in British Columbia and Puget Sound, Final report of the States/British Columbia oil spill task force, Appendix IV, Province de la Colombie-Britannique et des États de Washington, de l’Oregon, de l’Alaska et de la Californie, 51 p.

Sherrod, S.K., J.A. Estes et C.M. White. 1975. Depredation of sea otter pups by bald eagles at Amchitka Island, Alaska, Journal of Mammalogy 56: 701-703.

Shrubsole, A.N., S. Raverty, D. Huff, L. Nichol et P.S. Ross. 2005. Emerging infectious diseases of free-ranging British Columbia sea otters (Enhydra lutris), résumé in 16th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, Society for Marine Mammalogy, San Diego (Californie), conférence tenue du 12 au 16 décembre 2005.

Siniff, D.B., et K. Ralls. 1991. Reproduction, survival and tag loss in California sea otters, Marine Mammal Science 7: 211-229.

Stewart, A. Comm. pers. 2005. Correspondance par écrit avec L. Nichol, avril 2005, Public Education Program Coordinator, Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Rd., Bamfield, (Colombie-Britannique) V0R 1B0.

Thomas, N.J., et R.A. Cole. 1996. The risk of disease and threats to the wild population, Endangered Species Update 13: 23-27.

Trites, A.W., V.B. Deecke, E.J. Gregr, J.K.B. Ford et P.F. Olesiuk. 2007. Killer whales, whaling and sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific: a comparative analysis of the dynamics of marine mammals in Alaska and British Columbia following commercial whaling, Marine Mammal Science. [Sous presse]

USFW (United States Fish and Wildlife Service). 2002a. Stock Assessment Report: Sea otters (en anglais seulement) (Enhydra lutris): Southcentral Alaska stock, 6 p.

USFW (United States Fish and Wildlife Service). 2002b. Stock Assessment Report: Sea otters (en anglais seulement) (Enhydra lutris): Southwest Alaska stock, 7 p.

USFW (United States Fish and Wildlife Service). 2002c. Stock Assessment Report: Sea otters (en anglais seulement) (Enhydra lutris): Southeast Alaska stock, 6 p.

USFW (United States Fish and Wildlife Service). 2003. Final Revised Recovery Plan for the Southern Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris nereis), Portland (Oregon), xi + 165 p.

USFW (United States Fish and Wildlife Service). 2006. Species Profile for Northern Sea Otter, United States Fish and Wildlife Service, site Web accessible à l’adresse (http://alaska.fws.gov/fisheries/mmm/seaotters/decline.htm) (consulté en février 2006).

USFW (United States Fish and Wildlife Service). Sans date. Marine Mammals (en anglais seulement, consulté en mars 2006). United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

USGS 2005. Spring 2005 California Sea Otter Surveys, United States Geological Survey, site Web accessible à l’adresse (http://www.werc.usgs.gov/otters/ca-surveyspr2005.htm) (consulté en mars 2006).

Waldichuck, M. 1989. The Nestucca oil spill; Editorial, Marine Pollution Bulletin 20:419-420.

Watson, J.C. 1990. The effects of the Nestucca oil spill on the British Columbia sea otter population and its environment, rapport inédit présenté à Pêches et Océans Canada, cContrat du MAS (ministère des Approvisionnements et Services no FP597-9-0478/01-XSA.

Watson, J.C. 1993. The effects of the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) foraging on shallow rocky communities off northwestern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, thèse de doctorat, University of California, Santa Cruz (Californie), États-Unis, 169 p.

Watson, J.C., et T.G. Smith. 1996. The effect of sea otters on shellfisheries in British Columbia, in C.M. Hand et B.J. Waddell (éd.), Invertebrate Working Papers, examiné par le Pacific Assessment Review Committee (PSARC) en 1993 et en 1994. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Science No. 2089 p. 262-303.

Watson, J.C., G.M. Ellis, T.G. Smith et J.K.B. Ford. 1997. Updated status of the sea otter, Enhydra lutris, Canada, Canadian Field-Naturalist 111: 277-286.

Watt, J., D.B. Siniff et J.A. Estes. 2000. Inter-decadal patterns of population and dietary changes in sea otters at Amchitka Island, Alaska, Oecologia 124: 289-298.

Wendell, F.E., R.A. Hardy, J.A. Ames et R.T. 1986. Temporal and spatial patterns in sea otter (Enhydra lutris) range expansion and in the loss of the clam fisheries, California Fish and Game. 72:197-100.

Williams, T.M., R.A. Kastelein, R.W. Davis et J.A. Thomas. 1988. The effects of oil contamination and cleaning on sea otters (Enhydra lutris), I. Thermoregulatory implications based on pelt studies, Canadian Journal of Zoology 66:2776-2781.

Williams, T.M., et R.W. Davis. (éd.). 1995. Emergency Care and rehabilitation of oiled sea otters: A guide for oil spills involving fur-bearing marine mammals, University of Alaska Press, Fairbanks (Alaska), 279 p.

Wilson, D.E., M.A. Bogan, R.L. Brownell, A.M. Burdin et M.K. Maminov. 1991. Geographic variation in sea otters Enhydra lutris, Journal of Mammalogy 72: 22-36.

Woolfenden, J. 1985. The California Sea Otter: Saved or Doomed, Revised Edition. Boxwood Press, Pacific Grove (Californie).


Sommaire biographique des rédactrices du rapport

Linda Nichol possède une maîtrise ès sciences en zoologie de l’University of British Columbia, où elle a étudié l’écologie de la recherche de nourriture et les déplacements saisonniers de la population d’épaulards résidente du nord en Colombie-Britannique. Elle a participé pendant de nombreuses années, principalement en tant que biologiste consultante, à des projets liés aux mammifères marins ainsi qu’à des projets liés aux oiseaux marins côtiers, aux invertébrés et aux végétaux intertidaux, et à la surveillance de l’environnement. En 2001, elle s’est jointe au ministère des Pêches et des Océans en tant que biologiste en recherche, où elle a effectué des recherches en lien avec la conservation, essentiellement sur la loutre de mer. Mme Nichol a collaboré à la rédaction de plus d’une douzaine de rapports et de publications scientifiques.

Jane Watson possède un doctorat de la University of California, située à Santa Cruz, où elle a étudié l’écologie de la communauté de loutres de mer. Elle a réalisé des recherches sur la loutre de mer et sur l’écologie de la communauté pendant vingt ans. Mme Watson est professeur au Malaspina University-College à Nanaimo, en Colombie-Britannique, et est professeure auxiliaire au sein de la Marine Mammal Research Unit à la University of British Columbia. Elle est également membre du Sous-comité de spécialistes des mammifères marins du COSEPAC.

Détails de la page

Date de modification :